Algar Hamid. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. New York, 2002.
al-Ghazali. The Alchemy of Happiness. London, 1980.
______. The Foundations of the Articles of Faith. Lahore, 1963.
______. The Niche of Lights. Utah, 1998.
______. The Ninety-nine Beautiful Names of God. Nigeria, 1970.
al-Rasheed Madawi. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, 2003.
al-Shaibi Kamil M. Sufism and Shi‘ism. Great Britain, 1991.
al-Tabari Abu Ja‘far Muhammad. The History of al-Tabari. Ihsan Abbas et al. (eds.). New York, 1988.
Amin Osman. Muhammad ‘Abduh.Washington, D. C., 1953.
Andrae Tor. Mohammed: The Man and His Faith. New York, 1960
Angha Molana Salaheddin Ali Nader Shah. The Fragrance of Sufism. Lanham, 1996.
Angha Nahid. Ecstasy. California, 1998.
______. Selections. California, 1991.
An-Na’im Abdullahi. Toward an Islamic Reformation. Syracuse, 1990.
Arjomand Said Amir. The Turban for the Crown. New York, 1988.
Armstrong Karen. Muhammad. San Francisco, 1992.
Asani Ali and Kamal Abdel-Malek. Celebrating Muhammad. South Carolina, 1995.
Ash-Shabrawi Abd al-Khaliq. The Degrees of the Soul. London, 1997.
Attar Farid ad-Din. The Conference of the Birds. New York, 1984.
Badawi M. A. Zaki. The Reformers of Egypt. London, 1979.
Baldick Julian. Mystical Islam. New York, 1989.
Ball Charles. The History of the Indian Mutiny. London, 1860.
Bamyeh Mohammed A. The Social Origins of Islam. Minneapolis, 1999.
Baqer Moin. Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. New York, 1999.
Barks Colman. The Essential Rumi. San Francisco, 1995.
Baron Salo Wittmayer. A Social and Religious History of the Jews (3 vols.). New York, 1964.
Bell Richard. The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment. London, 1968.
Bergen Peter L. Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden. New York, 2001.
Berkey Jonathan P. The Formation of Islam. Cambridge, 2003.
Black Anthony. The History of Islamic Political Thought. New York, 2001.
Boyce Mary. History of Zoroastrianism (3 vols.). Leiden, 1996.
______. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. New York, 2001.
Bulliet Richard. The Camel and the Wheel. Cambridge, 1975.
______. Islam: The View from the Edge. New York, 1994.
Burckhardt Titus. An Introduction to Sufi Doctrine.Wellingsborough, 1976.
Chelowski Peter. Ta‘ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York, 1979.
Cole Juan R. I. Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East. Princeton, 1993.
Cooper John et al. (eds.). Islam and Modernity. London, 1998.
Cooperson Michael. Classical Arabic Biography. Cambridge, 2000.
Cox Harvey. The Secular City. New York, 1966.