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A. G. Petrenko
To the history of stockbreeding appearing in Middle Volga and Pre-Ural regions
Summary
Data from Ivanovskoe VII site, also as earlier receiving evidences from Stanovoe IV, Yazyikovo I, Voymeznaya I, Maslovo Boloto, Zamostye, Soulat and other sites are confirming that hunter to animals and birds was major way of life support together with fishing for population of forest zone of Russian plain in Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. The main game from Ivanovskoe VII site were animals and birds species, encountered in forest and water-marsh biotops.
All three Mesolithic layers of Ivanovskoe VII site have formed in warm year period. Numerous remains of water voles, existence young beaver, hamster and absolute predominance of migrate species indicate to this hypothesis. However, site in the period of forming of cultural deposits Il-a, was visited in cold year time for elk hunter. Researching parts of Neolithic deposits was formed in autumn-winter period, evidence of what is numerous remains (whole sceletons) of pine marten, small number of remains of water voles and birds.
Osteological materials from 22 archaeological sites of Middle Volga region and Pre-Ural territory of Neolithic, Halcolithic and early Bronze are using in this investigation. Cattle, sheeps and goats, horses as the first domestic animals are traced at the beginning of V millennium B.C. in Neolith and at the second part of IV millennium B.C. in the economy of region. Domestic pigs are appeared later, with arrival in the region the population of Balanovskaya culture on the bound of HI — H millennium B. C. In early historical phases the character of stock-breeding and the hunter activity were determined by the nature factors.