Спотыкаясь о счастье (Гилберт)

Перевод Б. Пастернака. – Прим. пер.

Перевод М. Зенкевича. – Прим. пер.

Деннет Д.С. Виды психики: на пути к пониманию сознания. – М., 1994. – Прим. ред.

Хотя дети начинают говорить о будущем в возрасте около двух лет, они не вполне понимают, что это такое, пока не достигнут четырех. См.: Povinelli D.G., Simon B.B. Young Children’s Understanding of Briefly Versus Extremely Delayed Images of the Self: Emergence of the Autobiographical Stance // Developmental Psychology 34:188–94, 1998; Nelson K. Finding One’s Self in Time // The Self Across Psychology: Self-Recognition, Self-Awareness, and the Self Concept, eds. J.G. Snodgrass and R.L. Thompson. – New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1997. P. 103–116. – Прим. авт.

Финеас действительно возил за собой лом, куда бы ни ехал, и был бы, наверное, доволен тем, что и лом этот, и его череп обрели пристанище на постоянной выставке в Гарвардском анатомическом музее. – Прим. авт.

Современные авторы считают случай Гейджа доказательством важности лобной доли, хотя в те времена, когда это произошло, о нем думали иначе. См.: Macmillan M.B. A Wonderful Journey Through Skull and Brains: The Travels of Mr. Gage’s Tamping Iron // Brain and Cognition 5: 67–107, 1986. – Прим. авт.

Поскольку речь зашла об ударах током, самое время объяснить, что подобные психологические эксперименты всегда проводятся в строгом согласии с этическими правилами, установленными Американской психологической ассоциацией и должны быть одобрены университетским комитетом до осуществления. Добровольцев в обязательном порядке предупреждают о любой опасности, которая способна угрожать их здоровью и чувствам, и они имеют возможность прервать эксперимент, когда пожелают, не боясь никаких взысканий. Если в целях эксперимента им дают какую-то ложную информацию, по окончании исследования обязательно говорят правду. Короче говоря, на самом деле все мы очень хорошие люди. – Прим. авт.

Перевод Т.Л. Щепкиной-Куперник.

После того как эта статья была опубликована, по меньшей мере одна пара взрослых сросшихся близнецов захотела разделиться. Оба умерли во время операции (См.: A Lost Surgical Gamble // New York Times, 9 July 2003, 20). – Прим. авт.

Субъективные состояния можно определять только в терминах их предпосылок или других субъективных состояний, но то же самое верно и для физических объектов. Если бы мы не определяли физический объект (микстуру от кашля, например) в терминах его субъективных состояний («мягкая, липкая и сладкая») или в терминах любого другого физического объекта («состоит из кукурузного сиропа, сахарного сиропа, ванили и яичного белка»), мы не могли бы его определить вообще. Все определения достигаются сравнением вещи, которую мы хотим определить, с вещами, которые находятся в той же онтологической категории (например, физические объекты с физическими объектами) или соотнесением их с вещами другой онтологической категории (физические объекты с субъективными состояниями). Третьего способа еще никто не нашел. – Прим. авт.

Перевод В. Микушевича. Цит. по: Поуп А. Поэмы. Опыт о человеке. – М.: Художественная литература, 1988. – Прим. пер.

Стилистический оборот, состоящий в подчеркнутом соединении противоположностей, логически исключающих друг друга, например, «сладкая скорбь». – Прим. пер.

Фрейд З. Недовольство культурой // Фрейд З. Психоаналитические концепции агрессивности. В 2 кн. – Ижевск: Издательство Удмуртского университета, 2004. Кн. 1. – Прим. ред.

Паскаль Б. Мысли. – СПб.: Азбука, 1999. – Прим. пер.

Проблема его «машины счастья» популярна среди ученых, которые обычно забывают рассмотреть три момента. Во-первых, кто говорит, что никто не захотел бы оставаться в контакте с машиной? Мир полон людей, которые хотят счастья и нисколько не заботятся о том, каковы его предпосылки. Во-вторых, те, кто заявляет, что они не согласились бы оставаться в контакте, возможно, уже пребывают в нем. В конце концов, в условия входит забвение этого факта. И в-третьих, никто не может действительно ответить на этот вопрос, поскольку требуется сначала вообразить будущее состояние, в котором человек не будет сознавать того самого вопроса, который обдумывает сейчас. См.: Nozick R. The Examined Life. – New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. P. III. – Прим. авт.

Прототип современной телевизионной трубки. – Прим. пер.

Перевод Т.Л. Щепкиной-Куперник. – Прим. пер.

Также интересно отметить, что простой акт понимания эмоции может иногда устранить ее. См.: Hariri A.R., Bookheimer S.Y., Mazziotta J.C. Modulating Emotional Response: Effects of a Neocortical Network on the Limbic System // NeuroReport 11: 43–48, 2000; Lieberman M.D. et al. Two Captains, One Ship: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Disrupting Automatic Affective Processes (неопубликованный материал, UCLA, 2003). – Прим. авт.

Грин Г. Конец одного романа. – М.: Иностранка, 2002. – Прим. ред.

Англ. experience. – Прим. пер.

Англ. awareness. – Прим. пер.

Экономист XIX в. Фрэнсис Эджуорт называл это устройство «гедониметр». См.: Edgeworth F.Y. Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences. – London: Kegan Paul, 1881. – Прим. авт.

Альбом группы The Beatles (1968). – Прим. ред.

«Feelings, nothing more than feelings» – первая строчка песни Морриса Альберта (1975). – Прим. ред.

Перевод Т.Л. Щепкиной-Куперник. – Прим. пер.

Американский профсоюзный лидер конца XIX в. – Прим. пер.

Eel – угорь, peel – кожура, heel – каблук. The eel was on the orange – угорь был на апельсине, the eel was on the shoe – угорь был на ботинке. – Прим. пер.

Баум Л.Ф. Удивительный волшебник из страны Оз. – М.: РИПОЛ классик, 1998. – Прим. пер.

Локк Д. Эссе о человеческом понимании // Избранные философские произведения: В 3 т. – М.: Соцэкгиз, 1960. Т. 2. – Прим. пер.

Кант И. Критика чистого разума. – М.: Наука, 1998. – Прим. пер.

Интересно, что способность к этому увеличивается с возрастом, но начинает ухудшаться в старости. См.: Ligneau-Herve’ C., Mullet E. Perspective-Taking Judgments Among Young Adults, Middle-Aged and Elderly People // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 11: 53–60, 2005. – Прим. авт.

Кант И. Критика чистого разума. – М.: Эксмо, 2014. – Прим. пер.

Перевод М. Зенкевича. – Прим. пер.

Конан Дойль А. Серебряный. – Таллин: Скиф Алекс, 1992. – Прим. пер.

Конан Дойль А. Серебряный. – Таллин: Скиф Алекс, 1992. – Прим. пер.

Бэкон Ф. Novum organum // Собрание сочинений: В 2 т. – М.: Мысль, 1977. Т. 1. – Прим. пер.

Там же.

Это исследование было описано в статье, где приводились и другие примеры исследований, в ходе которых людей просили предсказать, какие чувства они испытают, если: а) космический шаттл «Колумбия» взорвется и все астронавты на борту погибнут; б) в результате войны Соединенных Штатов с Ираком будет свергнут Саддам Хусейн. Удивительно то, что исследования проводились в 1998 г. – за пять лет до того, как эти события действительно произошли. Хотите верьте, хотите нет. – Прим. авт.

Конан Дойль А. Серебряный. – Таллин: Скиф Алекс, 1992. – Прим. пер.

Перевод П. Мелковой. – Прим. пер.

Популярная актриса тех лет. – Прим. пер.

Почтовая служба Federal Express. – Прим. пер.

Сеть магазинов самообслуживания. – Прим. пер.

Фантастические фильмы 1950-х гг. – Прим. ред.

Кажется, все уверены, что Кельвин сказал это в 1895 г., но, честное слово, я не сумел найти источников, это подтверждающих. – Прим. авт.

Артур Кларк. Очертания будущего. Между прочим, Кларк определил «престарелость» как возраст между 30 и 45 годами. – Прим. авт.

«Ура смерти». – Прим. пер.

Насколько мне известно, слово «предчувствование» (prefeel) впервые было использовано как название песни Арто Линдсеем в его альбоме Prize 1999 г. – Прим. авт.

Перевод А.И. Курошевой. – Прим. пер.

Лакофф Дж., Джонсон М. Метафоры, которыми мы живем. – М.: ЛКИ, 2008. – Прим. ред.

Люди – не единственные животные, которые ценят разнообразие. Эффекту Кулиджа положил, видимо, начало тот случай, когда президент Калвин Кулидж с женой посетили ферму. Старший техник похвастался призовым петухом: «Он может целыми днями без передышки заниматься сексом». «Правда? – удивилась миссис Кулидж. – Пожалуйста, расскажите об этом моему мужу». Президент повернулся к технику и спросил: «Петух всегда спаривается с одной и той же курицей?» «Нет, – ответил тот, – с разными». На что президент сказал: «Правда? Пожалуйста, расскажите об этом моей жене». История, скорее всего, вымышленная, но сам факт имеет место – самцов млекопитающих, которые уже утомлены спариванием, может заново возбудить новая самка. См.: Wilson J., Kuehn R., Beach F. Modifications in the Sexual Behavior of Male Rats Produced by Changing the Stimulus Female // Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56: 636–644, 1963. На самом деле у быков, сперму которых собирает специальный механизм, сокращается промежуток между эякуляцией, если этот механизм переставляют в другое место. Hale E.B., Almquist J.O. Relation of Sexual Behavior to Germ Cell Output in Farm Animals // Journal of Dairy Science 43: Supp., 145–167, 1960. – Прим. авт.

Стоит отметить, что если мы изменим наши предположения (особенно относительно скорости привыкания), тогда обмен тарелками в тот самый момент, когда ваше любимое блюдо теряет свое преимущество, может стать плохой стратегией для максимизации удовольствия надолго. См.: Hernstein R.J. The Matching Law: Papers in Psychology and Economics, eds. H. Rachlin and D.I. Laibson. – Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997. – Прим. авт.

Пользуюсь случаем сказать, что моя кажущаяся пристрастность по отношению к почтальонам выдает всего лишь мое инфантильное чувство юмора. Пример полностью вымышлен и не имеет целью бросить тень на всех почтальонов и замужних женщин, которых я когда-либо знал. – Прим. авт.

Чалдини Р. Психология влияния: Убеждай. Воздействуй. Защищайся. – СПб.: Питер, 2013. – Прим. ред.

Перевод Б. Пастернака. – Прим. пер.

Вольтер. Кандид // Философские повести. – М.: Правда, 1985. – Прим. пер.

Зигмунд и Анна Фрейд называли это системой «защитных механизмов», и с тех пор почти каждый психолог высказывается о ней и дает ей другое название. Последнюю сводку литературы о психологической защите см.: Paulhus D.L., Fridhandler B., Hayes S. Psychological Defense: Contemporary Theory and Research // Handbook of Personality Psychology, eds. R. Hogan, J. Johnson and S. Briggs. – San Diego: Academic Press, 1997. P. 543–79. – Прим. авт.

Американский баскетболист. – Прим. пер.

Неутешителен тот факт, что в последующих исследованиях как состоявшиеся ученые, так и те, кто еще не закончил обучение, демонстрировали ту же тенденцию: предпочитали метод, который приводил к предпочитаемым заключениям. См.: Koehler J.J. The Influence of Prior Beliefs on Scientific Judgments of Evidence Quality // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 56: 28–55, 1993. – Прим. авт.

Эта тенденция может иметь разрушительные последствия. К примеру, в 2004 г. Разведывательный комитет сената пришел к выводу, что ЦРУ обеспечило Белый дом неверной информацией относительно иракского оружия массового поражения, которая и привела к вторжению США в Ирак. Согласно этому отчету, тенденция подгонять факты «заставила аналитиков и руководителей Разведывательного комитета интерпретировать неоднозначные данные как убедительно доказывающие существование этого оружия, и игнорировать данные о том, что Ирак его не имеет» (см.: Schrader K.P. Report: War Rationale Based on CIA Error // Associated Press, 9 July 2004). – Прим. авт.

Перевод Т. Гнедич. – Прим. пер.

«Касабланка», реж. Майкл Кёртис (1942). – Прим. авт.

Чалдини Р. Психология влияния. Убеждай. Воздействуй. Защищайся. – СПб.: Питер, 2013. – Прим. ред.

Китс Д. Письмо Джорджу и Томасу Китсам // Стихотворения. Письма. – Л.: Наука, 1986. – Прим. пер.

Перевод Е. Н. Бируковой. – Прим. пер.

Коршун, килт, капуста. – Прим. пер.

Около 14 градусов по Цельсию. – Прим. пер.

15 градусов по Цельсию. – Прим. пер.

Шекспир У. Ричард II. Перевод М. Донского. – Прим. пер.

Перевод Т. Гнедич. – Прим. пер.

Ливингстон Дж., Эванс Р. Que sera, sera (1956). – Прим. авт.

Половина американцев поменяла место жительства в пятилетний период (1995–2000), что свидетельствует: средний американец переезжает примерно раз в десять лет. См.: Berkner B., Faber C.S. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Geographical Mobility, 1995 to 2000: Bureau of the Census. – Washington, D.C., 2003. – Прим. авт.

Средний работник рекламы детских товаров меняет место работы десять раз в период от своих 18 до 30 лет, что свидетельствует: средний американец за свою жизнь меняет его по меньшей мере столько же раз. См.: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Number of Jobs Held, Labor Market Activity and Earnings Growth Among Baby Boomers: Results from More Than Two Decades of a Longitudinal Survey // Bureau of Labor Statistics news Release, U.S. Department of Labor. – Washington, D.C.: 2002. – Прим. авт.

По проектам Бюро переписи Соединенных Штатов в грядущие годы 10 % американцев не вступят в брак вообще, 60 % вступят один раз и 30 % вступят по меньшей мере дважды. См.: Kreider R.M., Fields J.M. Number, Timing and Duration of marriages and Divorces, 1996 // U.S. Bureau of Census. – Washington, D.C., 2002. – Прим. авт.

Эффект «спада предельной полезности» уменьшается, когда мы тратим деньги на вещи, к которым у нас меньше вероятности адаптироваться. См.: Scitovsky T. The Joyless Economy: The Psychology of Human Satisfaction. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976; Van Boven L., Gilovich T. To Do or to Have? That Is the Question // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85: 1193–1202, 2003; Frank H. How Not to Buy Happiness // Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 133: 69–79, 2004. Не все экономисты верят в возрастание предельной полезности: Easterlin R.A. Diminishing Marginal Utility of Income? Caveat Emptor // Social Indicators Research 70: 243–326, 2005. – Прим. авт.

Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. – М.: Ось-89, 1997. – Прим. пер.

Некоторые теоретики доказывают, что в развитии общества имеет место циклический процесс, в ходе которого люди понимают, что счастье за деньги не купишь, но через поколение вновь об этом забывают. См.: Hirschman A.O. Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action. – Princeton. N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1982. – Прим. авт.

Это также лучший способ предсказать наше будущее поведение. К примеру, люди переоценивают вероятность совершения ими акта благотворительности, но правильно оценивают вероятность совершения его другими. Что свидетельствует: если бы мы основывали предсказания своего поведения на том, что, как мы видим, делают другие, мы попадали бы в точку. См.: Epley N., Dunning D. Feeling ‘Holier Than Thou’: Are Self-Serving Assessment Produced by Errors in Self– or Social Prediction? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 861–875, 2000. – Прим. авт.

Слово hogwash в английском языке имеет два значения: «помои» и «вздор, пустая болтовня». – Прим. пер.

Перевод Е.Н. Бируковой. – Прим. пер.

Miller – мельник, smith – кузнец. – Прим. пер.

В действительности не вполне ясно, что именно Бернулли имел в виду под «полезностью», потому что он не дал определения, и смысл этой концепции обсуждается на протяжении уже трех или четырех веков. Поначалу этим термином обозначали способность предметов потребления вызывать положительные субъективные переживания у тех, кто их потребляет. Экономист Фердинандо Галиани, например, в 1750 г. определил utilita как «способность вещи доставлять нам счастье» (Galiani F. Della moneta [1750]). В 1789 г. философ Джереми Бентам определил ее как «то качество во всяком объекте, которое обыкновенно приносит прибыль, пользу, удовольствие, благо или счастье». (Bentham J. // An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, eds. J.H. Burns and H.L.A. Hart [1789; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996]). Современные экономисты избегают подобных определений – не потому, что у них имеются лучшие, а потому, что не любят говорить о субъективных переживаниях. По сути, «полезность» становится гипотетической абстракцией, критерием выбора. Если вам это напоминает словесное жонглирование – добро пожаловать в наш клуб. Подробнее историю этого понятия см.: Georgesku-Roegen N. Utility and Value in Economic Thought // New Dictionary of the History of ideas, vol. 4. – New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2004, P. 450–458; Kahneman D., Wakker P.P., Sarin R. Back to Bentham? Explorations of Experienced Utility // Quarterly Journal of Economics 112: 375–405, 1997. – Прим. авт.

Современные экономисты не согласились бы с этим утверждением, потому что экономика в настоящее время придерживается мнения, от которого психология отказалась еще полвека назад, а именно: наука о человеческом поведении может игнорировать то, что люди чувствуют и говорят, и полагаться единственно на их действия. – Прим. авт.

В примечаниях содержатся ссылки на научные труды, подтверждающие высказанные мною мысли. Если вас не интересуют источники и раздражает необходимость постоянно заглядывать в конец книги, тогда не сомневайтесь: единственное важное примечание – то, которое вы сейчас читаете.

Roberts W.A. Are Animals Suck in Time? // Psychological Bulletin, 128: 473–89 (2002).

Haith M.M. The Development of Future Thinking as Essential for the Emergence of Skill in Planning // The Developmental Psychology of Planning: Why, How, and When Do We Plan? eds. S. L. Friedman, E.K. Scholnick. – Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997. P. 25–42.

Bates E., Elman J., Li P. Language In, On, and About Time // The Development of Future Oriented Processes, eds. M. M. Haith et al. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Hood B.M. et al. Gravity Biases in a Nonhuman Primate? // Developmental Science 2:35–41, 1999. См. также: Washburn D.A., Rumbaugh D.M. Comparative Assessment of Psychomotor Performance: Target Prediction by Humans and Macaques (Macaca mulatta) // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 121: 305–12, 1992.

Oakes L.M., Cohen L.B. Infant Perception of a Causal Event // Cognitive Development 5:193–207, 1997. См. также: Wentworth N., Haith M.M. Event-Specific Expectations of 2– and 3-Month-Old Infants // Development Psychology 28:842–50, 1992.

Atance C.M., O’Neill D.K. Planning in 3-Year-Olds: A Reflection of Future Self? // The Self in Time: Developmental Perspectives, eds. C. Moore and K. Lemmon. – Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001. См. также: Benson J.B. The Development of Planning: It’s About Time // Friedman and Scholnick, Developmental Psychology of Planning.

Banyas C.A. Evolution and Phylogenetic History of the Frontal Lobes // The Human Frontal Lobes, eds. B.L. Miller and J.L. Cummings. – New York: Guilford Press, 1999. P. 83–106.

Macmillan M.B. Phineas Gage’s Contribution to Brain Surgery // Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 5: 56–77, 1996.

Weingarten S.M. Psychosurgery // Miller and Cummings, Human Frontal Lobes, 446–460.

Weinberger D.R. et al. Neural Mechanisms of Future-Oriented Processes // Haith et al, Future Oriented Processes, 221–42.

Fuster J.M. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. – New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1997. P. 160–161.

MacLeod A.K., Cropley M.L. Anxiety, Depression, and the Anticipation of Future Positive and Negative Experiences // Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105: 286–89, 1996.

Wheeler M.A., Stuss D.T., Tulving E. Toward a General Theory of Episodic Memory: The Frontal Lobes and Autonoetic Consciousness // Psychological Bulletin 121: 331–54, 1997.

Melges F.T. Identity and Temporal Perspective // Cognitive Models of Psychological Time, ed. R.A. Block. – Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990. P. 255–266.

Faglioni P. The Frontal Lobes // The Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, eds. G. Denes and L. Pizzamiglio. – East Sussex, U.K.: Psychology Press, 1999. P. 525–569.

Fuster J.M. Cognitive Functions of Frontal Lobes // Miller and Cummings, Human Frontal Lobes, 187–195.

Tulving E. Memory and Consciousness // Canadian Psychology 26: 1–12, 1985. Тот же самый случай описан более подробно под псевдонимом K.C. в: Tulving E. et al. Priming of Semantic Autobiographical Knowledge: A Case Study of Retrograde Amnesia // Brain and Cognition 8: 3–20, 1988.

Там же.

Dass R. Be Here Now. – New York: Crown, 1971.

Jason L.A. et al. Time Orientation: Past, Present, and Future Perceptions // Psychological Reports 64: 1199–1205, 1989.

Klinger E., Cox W.M. Dimensions of Thought Flow in Everyday Life // Imagination, Cognition, and Personality 72: 105–28, 1987–1988; Klinger E. On Living Tomorrow Today: The Quality of Inner Life as a Function of Goal Expectations // Psychology of Future Orientation, ed. Z. Zaleski. – Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 1994.

Singer J.L. Daydreaming and Fantasy. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981; Klinger E. Daydreaming: Using Waking Fantasy and Imagery for Self-Knowledge and Creativity. – Los Angeles: Tarcher, 1990; Oettingen G. Psychologie des Zukunftdenkens (On the Psychology of Future Thought). – Goettingen, Germany: Hogrefe, 1997.

Loewenstein G.F., Prelec D. Preferences for Sequences of Outcomes // Psychological Review 100: 91–108, 1993. См. также: Loewenstein G. Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption // Economy Journal 97: 664–684, 1987; Elster J., Loewenstein G. Utility from Memory and Anticipation // Choice Over Time, eds. G.F. Loewenstein and J. Elster. – New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992. P. 213–234.

Oettingen G., Mayer D. The Motivating Function of Thinking About Future: Expectations Versus Fantasies // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 1198–1212, 2002.

Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: A Heuristic for Judgment Frequency and Probability // Cognitive Psychology 5: 207–232, 1973.

Weinstein N. Unrealistic Optimism About Future Life Events // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39: 806–20, 1980.

Brickman P., Coates D., Janoff-Bulman R.G. Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 917–27, 1978.

Chang E.C., Asakawa K., Sanna L.J. Cultural Variations in Optimistic Pessimistic Bias: Do Easterners Really Expect the Worst and Westerners Really Expect the Best When Predicting Future Life Events? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81: 476–91, 2001.

Burger J.M., Palmer M.L. Changes in and Generalization of Unrealistic Optimism Following Experiences with Stressful Events: Reactions to the 1989 California Earthquake // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18: 39–43, 1992.

Stiegelis H.E. et al. Cognitive Adaptation: A Comparison of Cancer and Healthy References // British Journal of Health Psychology 8:303–18, 2003.

Arntz A., Van Eck M., de Jong P.J. Unpredictable Sudden Increases in Intensity of Pain and Acquired Fear // Journal of Psychology 6: 54–64, 1992.

Miceli M., Castelfranchi C. The Mind and the Future: The (Negative) Power of Expectations // Theory and Psychology 12: 335–66, 2002.

Norem J.N. Pessimism: Accentuating the Positive Possibilities // Virtue, Vice, and Personality: The Complexity of Behavior, eds. E.C. Chang and L.J. Sanna. – Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 2003. P. 91–104; Norem J.K., Cantor N. Defensive Pessimism: Harnessing Anxiety as Motivation // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51: 1208–17, 1986.

Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change // Psychological Review 84: 191–215, 1977; Self-Efficacy: Mechanism in Human Agency // American Psychologist 37: 122–47, 1982.

Seligman M.E.P. Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. – San Francisco: Freeman, 1975.

Langer E., Rodin J. The Effect of Choice and Enhanced Personal Responsibility for the Aged: A Field Experiment in an Institutional Setting // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34: 191–98, 1976; Rodin J., Langer E.J. Long-Term Effects of a Control-Relevant Intervention with the Institutional Aged // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35: 897–902, 1977.

Schulz R., Hanusa B.H. Long-Term Effects of Control and Predictability-Enhancing Interventions: Findings and Ethical Issues // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 1202–12, 1978.

Langer E.J. The Illusion of Control // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 311–28, 1975.

Там же.

Dunn D.S., Wilson T.D. When the Stakes Are High: A Limit to the Illusion of Control Effect // Social Cognition 8: 305–323, 1991.

Strickland L.H., Lewicki R.J., Katz A.M. Temporal Orientation and Perceived Control as Determinants of Risk Taking // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2: 143–51, 1966.

Dunn D.S., Wilson T.D. When the Stakes Are High: A Limit to the Illusion of Control Effect // Social Cognition 8: 305–323, 1991.

Gollin S. et al. The Illusion of Control Among Depressed Patients // Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88: 454–57, 1979.

Alloy L.B., Abramson L.Y. Judgment of Contingency in Depressed and Nondepressed Students: Sadder but Wiser? // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108: 441–85 (1979. Противоположный взгляд см.: Dunning D., Story A.L. Depression, Realism and the Overconfidence Effect: Are the Sadder Wiser When Predicting Future Actions and Events? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 521–32, 1991; Msetfi R.M. et al. Depressive Realism and Outcome Density Bias in Contingency Judgments: The Effect of Context and Intertrial Interval // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134: 10–22, 2005.

Taylor S.E., Brown J.D. Illusion and Well-Being: A Social-Psychological Perspective on Mental Health // Psychological Bulletin 103: 193–210, 1988.

Segal N.L. Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us About Human Behavior. – New York: Dutton, 1999.

Angier N. Joined for Life, and Living Life to the Full. – New York Times, 23 December 1997, F1.

Dreger A.D. The Limits of Individuality: Ritual and Sacrifice in the Lives and Medical Treatment of Conjoined Twins // Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 29: 1–29, 1998.

Searle J.R. Mind, Language and Society: Philosophy in the Real World. – New York: Basic Books, 1998.

Lane R.D. et al. Neuroanatomical Correlates of Pleasant and Unpleasant Emotion // Neuropsychologia 35: 1437–1444, 1997.

Osgood C., Suci G.J., Tannenbaum P.H. The Measurement of Meaning. – Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1957.

Nagel T. What Is It Like to Be a Bat? // Philosophical Review 83: 435–450, 1974.

Nozick R. The Examined Life. – New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. P. 102.

Mill J.S. On Liberty, the Subjection of Women and Utilitarianism (1863) // The Basic Writings of John Stuart Mill: ed. D. E. Miller. – New York: Modern Library, 2002.

Nozick R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. – New York: Basic Books, 1974.

MacMahon D.M. From the Happiness of Virtue to the Virtue of Happiness: 400 BC-AD 1780 // Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 133: 5–17, 2004.

Там же.

Мнения моих оппонентов по вопросу о различии между нравственным и эмоциональным счастьем см.: Hudson D.W. Happiness and Limits of Satisfaction. – London: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996; Kingwell M. Better Living: In Pursuit of Happiness from Plato to Prozas. – Toronto: Viking, 1998; Telfer E. Happiness. – New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.

Block N. Begging the Question Against Phenomenal Consciousness // Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15: 205–206, 1992.

Schooler J.W., Engstler-Schooler T.Y. Verbal Overshadowing of Visual Memories: Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid // Cognitive Psychology 22: 36–71, 1990.

McConkie G.W., Zola D. Is Visual Information Integrated in Successive Fixations in Reading? // Perception and Psychophysics 25: 221–224, 1979.

Simons D.J., Levin D.T. Change Blindness // Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1: 261–267, 1997.

Beck M.R., Angelone B.L., Levin D.T. Knowledge About the Probability of Change Affects Change Detection Performance // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 30: 778–791, 2004.

Simons D.J., Levin D.T. Failure to Detect Changes to People in a Real-World Interaction // Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 5: 644–649, 1998.

Rensink R.A., O’Regan J.K., Clark J.J. To See or Not to See: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes // Psychological Science 8: 368–373, 1997.

Hats Off to the Amazing Hondo // http://www.hondomagic.com/html/a_little_magic.htm.

Fischoff B. Perceived Informativeness of Facts // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3: 349–358, 1977.

Parducci A. Happiness, Pleasure and Judgment: The Contextual Theory and Its Applications. – Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.

Shackleton E. South. – New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998. P. 192.

LeDoux J. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. – New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Zajonc R.B. Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences // American Psychologist 35: 151–175; Zajonc R.B. On the Primacy of Affect // American Psychologist 39:117–123, 1984; Emotions? // The Handbook of Social Psychology, eds. D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske and G. Lindzey, 4th ed., vol. I. – New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. P. 591–632.

Schachter S., Singer J. Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State // Psychological Review 69: 379–399, 1962.

Dutton D.G., Aron A.P. Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions of High Anxiety // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30: 510–517, 1974.

Dienstbier R.A., Munter P.C. Cheating as a Function of the Labeling of Natural Arousal // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17: 208–213, 1971.

Zanna M.P., Cooper J. Dissonance and Pill: An Attribution Approach to Studying the Arousal Properties of Dissonance // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29: 703–709, 1974.

Dennet D.C. Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. – Cambridge, Mass.: Bradford/MIT Press, 1981. P. 218.

Schooler J.W. Discovering Memories in the Light of Meta-Consciousness // Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma (in press).

Weiskrantz L. Blindsight. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Cowey A., Stoerig P. The Neurobiology of Blindsight // Trends in Neuroscience 14: 140–145, 1991.

Vanman E.J., Dawson M.E., Brennan P.A. Affective Reactions in the Blink of An Eye: Individual Differences in Subjective Experience and Physiological Responses to Emotional Stimuli // Personal and Social Psychology Bulletin 24: 994–1005, 1998.

Lane R.D. et al. Is Alexithymia the Emotional Equivalent of Blindsight? // Biological Psychiatry 42: 834–844, 1997.

Schwarz N., Strack F. Reports of Subjective Well-Being: Judgmental Processes and Their Methodological Implications // Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, eds. D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwarz. – New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999. P. 61–84; Kahneman D. Objective Happiness // Well-Being, p. 3–25.

Larsen R.J., Fredrickson B.L. Measurement Issues in Emotion Research // Well-Being, p. 40–60.

Minsky M. The Society of Mind. – New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985; Lycan W.G. Homuncular Functionalism Meets PDP // Philosophy and Connectionist Theory, eds. W. Ramsey, S.P. Stich and D.E. Rumelhart. – Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991. P. 252–286.

Jowett O. Plato’s Protagoras. – New York: Prentice Hall, 1956.

Boyer R.O., Morais H.M. Labor’s Untold Story. – New York: Cameron, 1955; P. Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy. – Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Brayer E. George Eastman: A Biography (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).

Karniol R., Ross M. The Motivational Impact of Temporal Focus: Thinking About the Future and the Past // Annual Review of Psychology 47:593–620, 1996; Mellers B.A. Choice and Relative Pleasure of Consequences // Psychological Bulletin 126: 910–924, 2000.

Schacter D.L. Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind and the Past. – New York: Basic Books, 1996.

Loftus E.F., Miller D.G., Burns H.J. Semantic Integration of Verbal Information into Visual Memory // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4: 19–31, 1978.

Loftus E.F. When a Lie Becomes Memory’s Truth: Memory Distortion after Exposure to Misinformation // Current Directions in Psychological Sciences 1: 121–123, 1992. Противоположную точку зрения см.: Zaragoza M.S., McCloskey M., Jamis M. Misleading Postevent Information and Recall of the Original Event: Further Evidence Against the Memory Impairment Hypothesis // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 13: 36–44, 1987.

Johnson M.K., Sherman S.J. Constructing and Reconstructing the Past and the Future in the Present // Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, eds. E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, vol. 2. – New York: Guilford Press, 1990. P. 482–526; Johnson M.K., Raye C.L. Reality Monitoring // Psychological Review 88: 67–85, 1981.

Deese J. On the Predicted Occurrence of Particular Verbal Intrusions in Immediate Recall // Journal of Experimental Psychology 58: 17–22, 1959.

Roediger H.L., McDermott K.B. Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21: 803–814, 1995.

McDermott K.B., Roediger H.L. Attempting to Avoid Illusory Memories: Robust False Recognition of Associates Persists under Conditions of Explicit Warnings and Immediate Testing // Journal of Memory and Language 39: 508–520, 1998.

Warren R. Perceptual Restoration of Missing Speech Sounds // Science 167: 392–393, 1970.

Samuel A.G. A Further Examination of Attentional Effects in the Phonemic Restoration Illusion // Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 43A: 679–699, 1991.

Warren R. Perceptual Restoration of Obliterated Sounds // Psychological Bulletin 96: 371–383, 1984.

Durant W. The Story of Philosophy. – New York: Simon & Schuster, 1926.

Gopnik A., Astington J.W. Children’s Understanding of Representational Change and Its Relation to the Understanding of False Beliefs and the Appearance-Reality Distinction // Child Development 59: 26–37, 1988; Wimmer H., Perner J. Beliefs About Beliefs: Representation and Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children’s Understanding of Deception // Cognition 13: 103–128, 1983.

Piaget J. The Child’s Conception of the World. – London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1929. P. 1660.

Keysar B. et al. Taking Perspective in Conversation: The Role of Mutual Knowledge in Comprehension // Psychological Science 11: 32–38, 2000.

Gilbert D.T. How Mental Systems Believe // American Psychologist 46: 107–119, 1991.

Piaget J. The Child’s Conception of the World. – London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1929. P. 124.

Miller G.A. Trends and Debates in Cognitive Psychology // Cognition 10: 215–225, 1981.

Gilbert D.T., Wilson T.D. Miswanting: Some Problems in the Forecasting of Future Affective States // Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition, ed. J. Forgas. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. P. 178–197.

Dunning D. et al. The Overconfidence Effect in Social Prediction // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58: 568–581, 1990; Vallone R. et al. Overconfident Predictions of Future Actions and Outcomes by Self and Others // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58: 582–592, 1990.

Griffin D.W., Dunning D., Ross L. The Role of Construal Processes in Overconfident Predictions about the Self and Others // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59: 1128–1139, 1990.

Sainsbury R.S., Jenkins H.M. Feature-Positive Effect in Discrimination Learning // Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 2: 17–18, 1967.

Newman J.P., Wolff W.T., Hearst E. The Feature-Positive Effect in Adult Human Subjects // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6: 630–650, 1980.

Jenkins H.M., Ward W.C. Judgment of Contingency Between Responses and Outcomes // Psychological Monographs 79, 1965; Wason P.C. Reasoning About a Rule // Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 20, 1968; Hamilton D.L., Gifford R.K. Illusory Correlation in Interpersonal Perception: A Cognitive Basis of Stereotypic Judgements // Journal of Experimental Psychology 12: 392–407, 1976. См. также: Crocker J. Judgment of Covariation by Social Perceivers // Psychological Bulletin 90: 272–292, 1981; Alloy L.B., Tabachnik N. The Assessment of Covariation by Humans and Animals: The Joint Influence of Prior Expectations and Current Situational Information // Psychological Review 91: 112–149, 1984.

Klayman J., Ha Y.W. Confirmation, Disconfirmation and Information in Hypothesis-Testing // Psychological Review 94: 211–228, 1987.

Tversky A. Features of Similarity // Psychological Review 84: 327–352, 1977.

Shafir E. Choosing Versus Rejecting: Why Some Options Are Both Better and Worse Than Others // Memory – Cognition 21: 546–556, 1993.

Wilson T.D. et al. Focalism: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78: 821–836, 2000.

Schkade D.A., Kahneman D. Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction // Psychological Science 9: 340–346, 1998.

Lam K.C.H. et al. Cultural Differences in Affective Forecasting: The Role of Focalism // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (in press).

Menzela P. et al. The Role of Adaptation to Disability and Disease in Health State Valuation: A Preliminary Normative Analysis // Social Science – Medicine 55: 2149–2158, 2002.

Turnbull C. The Forest People. – New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961. P. 222.

Trope Y., Liberman N. Temporal Construal // Psychological Review 110: 403–421, 2003.

Vallacher R.R., Wegner D.M. A Theory of Action Identification. – Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1985. P. 61–88.

Liberman N., Trope Y. The Role of Feasibility and Desirability Considerations in Near and Distant Future Decisions: A Test of Temporal Construal Theory // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 5–18, 1998.

Robinson M.D., Clore G.L. Episodic and Semantic Knowledge in Emotional Self-Report: Evidence for Two Judgment Processes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 198–215, 2002.

Eyal T. et al. The Pros and Cons of Temporally Near and Distant Action // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86: 781–795, 2004.

Newby-Clark I.R., Ross M. Conceiving the Past and Future // Personality and Social Psychological bulletin 29: 807–818, 2003; Construing the Past and Future // Social Cognition 16: 133–150, 1998.

Liberman N., Sagristano M., Trope Y. The Effect of Temporal Distance on Level of Mental Construal // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38: 523–534, 2002.

Ainslie G. Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulse Control // Psychological Bulletin 82: 463–496, 1975; Ainslie G. Picoeconomics: The Strategic Interaction of Successive Motivational States Within the Person. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Jowett O. Plato’s Protagoras. – New York: Prentice Hall, 1956.

Loewenstein G. Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption // Economy Journal 97: 666–684, 1987.

McClure S.M. et al. The Grasshopper and the Ant: Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards // Science (in Press).

Newcomb S.A. Side-Lights on Astronomy. – New York: Harper & Brothers, 1906. P. 355.

Wright W. Speech to the Aero Club of France // The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, ed. M. McFarland. – New York: McGraw-Hill, 1908. P. 934.

Goethals G.R., Reckman R.F. The Perception of Consistency in Attitudes // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 9: 491–501, 1973.

McFarland C., Ross M. The Relation Between Current Impressions and Memories of Self and Dating Partners // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13: 228–238, 1987.

Safer M.A., Levine J., Drapalski A.L. Distortion in Memory for Emotions: The Contributions of Personality and Post-Event Knowledge // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 1495–1507, 2002.

Eich E. et al. Memory for Pain: Relation Between Past and Present Pain Intensity // Pain 23: 375–380, 1985.

Collins L.N. et al. Agreement Between Retrospective Accounts of Substance Use and Earlier Reported Substance Use // Applied Psychological Measurement 9: 301–309, 1985; Markus G.B. Stability and Change in Political Attitudes: Observe, Recall and ‘Explain’ // Political Behavior 8: 21–44, 1986; Offer D. et al. The Altering of Reported Experiences // Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39: 735–742, 2000.

Safer M.A., Bonanno G.A., Field N.P. ‘It Was Never That Bad’: Biased Recall of Grief and Long-Term Adjustment to the Death of a Spouse // Memory 9: 195–204, 2001.

Ross M. Relation of Implicit Theories to the Construction of Personal Histories // Psychological Review 96: 341–357, 1989; Levine L.J., Safer M.A. Sources of Bias in Memory for Emotions // Current Directions in Psychological Science 11: 169–173, 2002.

Levine L.J. Reconstructing Memory for Emotions // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 126: 165–177, 1997.

Loewenstein G.F. Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 65: 272–292, 1996; Loewenstein G.F., O’Donoghue T., Rabin M. Projection Bias in Predicting Future Utility // Quarterly Journal of Economics 118: 1209–1248, 2002; Loewenstein G., Angner E. Predicting and Indulging Changing Preferences // Time and Decision, eds. G. Loewenstein, D. Read and R.F. Baumeister. – New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2003. P. 351–391; van Boven L., Dunning D., Loewenstein G.F. Egocentric Empathy Gaps Between Owners and Buyers: Misperceptions of the Endowment Effect // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 66–76, 2000.

Nisbett R.E., Kanouse D.E. Obesity, Food Deprivation and Supermarket Shopping Behavior // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 12: 289–294, 1969; Read D., van Leeuwen B. Predicting Hunger: The Effects of Appetite and Delay on Choice // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 76: 189–205, 1998.

Loewenstein G.F., Prelec D., Shatto C. Hot/Gold intrapersonal Empathy Gaps and the Under-prediction of Curiosity (неопубликованный материал, Carnegie-Mellon University, 1998, упомянут в: Loewenstein G.F. The Psychology of Curiosity: A Review and Reinterpretation // Psychological Bulletin 116: 75–98, 1994).

Kosslyn M.S. et al. The Role of Area 17 in Visual Imagery: Convergent Evidence from PET and rTMS // Science 284: 167–170, 1999.

McGuire P.K., Shah G.M.S., Murray R.M. Increased Blood Flow in Broca’s Area During Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia // Lancet 342: 703–706, 1993.

Kavanagh D.J., Andrade J., May J. Imaginary Relish and Exquisite Torture: The Elaborated Intrusion Theory of Desire // Psychological Review 112: 446–467, 2005.

Anderson A.K., Phelps E.A. Lesions of the Human Amygdala Impair Enhanced Perception of Emotionally Salient Events // Nature 411: 305–309, 2001; Phelps E.A. et al. Activation of the Left Amygdala to a Cognitive Representation of Fear // Nature Neuroscience 4: 437–441, 2001; Breiter H.C. et al. Functional Imaging of Neural Responses to Expectancy and Experience of Monetary Gains and Losses // Neuron 30, 2001.

См. также: Atance C.M., O’Neill D.K. Episodic Future Thinking // Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5: 533–539, 2001.

Wilson T.D. et al. Introspecting About Reasons Can Reduce Post-choice Satisfaction // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19: 331–339, 1993; Wilson T.D., Schooler J.W. Thinking Too Much: Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60: 181–192, 1991.

DeWall C.N., Baumeister R.F. Alone but Feeling No Pain: Effects of Social Exclusion on Physical Pain Tolerance and Pain Threshold, Affective Forecasting and Interpersonal Empathy (неопубликованный материал, Florida State University, 2005).

Reisberg D. et al. ‘Enacted’ Auditory Images Are Ambiguous; ‘Pure’ Auditory Images Are Not // Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 41: 619–641, 1989.

Умные психологи конструировали некоторые необычные обстоятельства, которые предоставляли исключения из этого правила; см.: Perky C.W. An Experimental Study of Imagination // American Journal of Psychology 21: 422–452, 1910. Стоит заметить также, что, хотя мы почти всегда можем отличить то, что видим, от того, что воображаем, мы не всегда отличаем то, что видели, от того, что воображали; см.: Johnson M.K., Raye C.L. Reality Monitoring // Psychological Review 88: 67–85, 1981.

Schwarz N., Clore G.L. Mood, Misattribution and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 513–523, 1983.

Van Boven L., Loewenstein G. Social Projection of Transient Drive States // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29: 1159–1168.

MacLeod A.K., Cropley M.L. Anxiety, Depression and the Anticipation of Future Positive and Negative Experiences // Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105: 286–289, 1996.

Johnson E.J., Tversky A. Affect, Generalization and the Perception of Risk // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 20–31, 1983; DeSteno D. et al. Beyond Valence in the Perception of Likelihood: The Role of Emotion Specificity // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78: 397–416, 2000.

Hegarty M. Mechanical Reasoning by Mental Stimulation // Trends in Cognitive Science, 8: 280–285, 2004.

Gentner D., Imai M., Boroditsky L. As Time Goes by: Evidence for Two Systems in Processing Space Time Metaphors // Language and Cognitive Processes 17: 537–565, 2002; Boroditsky L. Metaphoric Structuring: Understanding Time Through Spatial Metaphor // Cognition 75: 1–28, 2000.

Tversky A., Kugelmass S., Winter A. Cross-Cultural and Developmental Trends in Graphic Productions // Cognitive Psychology 23: 515–557, 1991.

Boroditsky L. Does Language Shape Thought? Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time // Cognitive Psychology 43: 1–22, 2001.

Ratner R.K., Kahn B.E., Kahneman D. Choosing Less-Preferred Experiences for the Sake of Variety // Journal of Consumer Research 26: 1–15, 1999.

Read D., Loewenstein G.F. Diversification Bias: Explaining the Discrepancy in Variety Seeking Between Combined and Separated Choices // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 1: 34–49, 1995; Simonson I. The Effect of Purchase Quantity and Timing on Variety-Seeking Behavior // Journal of Marketing Research 27: 150–162, 1990.

Wilson T.D., Gilbert D.T. Making Sense: A Model of Affective Adaptation (неопубликованный материал, University of Virginia, 2005).

Gilbert D.T. Inferential Correction // Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, eds. T. Gilovich, D.W. Griffin and D. Kahneman. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. P. 167–184.

Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases // Science 185: 1124–1131, 1974.

Epley N., Gilovich T. Putting Adjustment Back in the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic: Differential Processing of Self-Generated and Experimenter-Provided Anchors // Psychological Science 12: 391–396, 2001.

Gilbert D.T. Gill M.J., Wilson T.D. The Future Is Now: Temporal Correction in Affective Forecasting // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 88: 430–444, 2002.

См. также: Ebert J.E.J. The Role of Cognitive Resources in the Valuation of Near and Far Future Events // Acta Psychologica 108: 155–171, 2001.

Loewenstein G.F., Prelec D. Preferences for Sequences of Outcomes // Psychological Review 100: 91–108, 1993.

Kahneman D., Tversky A. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk // Econometrica 47: 263–291, 1979.

Pratt J.W., Wise D.A., Zeckhauser R. Price Differences in Almost Competitive Markets // Quarterly Journal of Economics 93: 189–211, 1979; Tversky A., Kahneman D. The Framing of Decisions and Psychology of Choice // Science 211: 453–458, 1981; Thaler R.H. Toward to Positive Theory of Consumer Choice // Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1: 39–60, 1980.

Thaler R.H. Mental Accounting Matters // Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 12: 183–206, 1999.

Gialdini R.B. et al. Reciprocal Concessions Procedure for Inducing Compliance: The Door-in-the-Face Technique // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31: 206–215, 1975; Dillard J.P. The Current Status of Research on Sequential-Request Compliance Techniques // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17: 283–288, 1991.

Kahneman D., Miller D.T. Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to Its Alternatives // Psychological Review 93: 136–153, 1986.

Tykocinski O.E., Pittman T.S. The Consequences of Doing Nothing: Inaction Inertia as Avoidance of Anticipated Counterfactual Regret // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 607–616, 1998; Tykocinski O.E., Pittman T.S., Tuttle E.E. Inaction Inertia: Foregoing Future Benefits as a Result of an Initial Failure to Act // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 793–803, 1995.

Kahneman D., Tversky A. Choices, Values and Frames // American Psychologist 39: 341–350, 1984.

Simonson I., Tversky A. Choice in Context: Tradeoff Contrast and Extremeness Aversion // Journal of Marketing Research 29: 281–295, 1992.

Redelmeier D.A., Shafir E. Medical Decision Making in Situations That Offer Multiple Alternatives // JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 273: 302–305, 1995.

Iyengar S.S., Lepper M.R. When Choice Is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 995–1006, 2000; Schwartz B. Self-Determination: The Tyranny of Freedom // American Psychologist 55: 79–88, 2000.

Tversky A., Sattath S., Slovic P. Contingent Weighting in Judgment and Choice // Psychological Review 95: 371–384, 1988.

Hsee C.K. et al. Preference Reversals Between Joint and Separate Evaluations of Options: A Review and Theoretical Analysis // Psychological Bulletin 125: 576–590, 1999.

Hsee C. The Evaluability Hypothesis: An Explanation for Preference Reversals Between Joint and Separate Evaluations of Alternatives // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 67: 247–257, 1996.

Priester J.R., Dholakia U.M., Fleming M.A. When and Why the Background Contrast Effect Emerges: Thought Engenders Meaning by Influencing the Perception of Applicability // Journal of Consumer Research 31: 491–501, 2004.

Myrseth K., Morewedge C.K., Gilbert D.T., неопубликованные и необработанные данные, Harvard University, 2004.

Kahneman D., Tversky A. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk // Econometrica 47: 263–291, 1979; Tversky A., Kahneman D. The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice // Science 211: 453–458, 1981; Tversky A., Kahneman D. Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model // Quarterly Journal of Economics 106: 1039–1061, 1991.

Kahneman D., Knetsch J.L., Thaler R.H. Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem // Journal of Political Economy 98: 1325–1348, 1990; Kahneman D., Knetsch J., Thaler D. The Endowment effect, Loss Aversion and Status Quo Bias // Journal of Economic Perspectives 5: 193–206, 1991.

Van Boven L., Dunning D., Loewenstein G.F. Egocentric Empathy Gaps Between Owners and Buyers: Misperceptions of the Endowment Effect // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 66–76, 2000; Carmon Z., Ariely D. Focusing on the Foregone: How Value Can Appear So Different to Buyers and Sellers // Journal of Consumer Research 27: 360–370, 2000.

Hunt L. Against Presentism // Perspectives 40, 2002.

Wortman C.B., Silver R.C. The Myths of Coping with Loss // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57: 349–357, 1989; Bonanno G.A. Loss, Trauma and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events? // American Psychologist 59: 20–28, 2004; Carver C.S. Resilience and Thriving: Issues, Models and Linkages // Journal of Social Issues 54: 245–266, 1998.

Bonanno G.A., Kaltman S. Toward an Integrative Perspective on Bereavement // Psychological Bulletin 125: 760–776, 1999; Bonanno G.A. et al. Resilience to Loss and Chronic Grief: A Prospective Study from Preloss to 18-Months Postloss // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 1150–1164, 2002.

Ozer E.J. et al. Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Symptoms in Adults: A Meta-analysis // Psychological Bulletin 129: 52–73, 2003.

Bonanno G.A., Rennicke C., Dekel S. Self-Enhancement Among High-Exposure Survivors of the September 11th Terrorist Attack: Resilience or Social Maladjustment? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (in press).

Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G. Posttraumatic Grown: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence // Psychological Inquiry 15: 1–18, 2004; Linley P.A., Joseph S. Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: A Review // Journal of Traumatic Stress 17: 11–21, 2004; Carver C.S. Resilience and Thriving: Issues, Models and Linkages // Journal of Social Issues 54: 245–266, 1998.

Sack K. After 37 Years in Prison, Inmate Tastes Freedom // New York Times, 11 January 1996. P. 18.

Reeve C. Ohio State University commencement speech, 13 June, 2003.

Becker D. Cycling Through Adversity: Ex-World Champ Stays on Cancer Comeback Course // USA Today 22 May 1998. P. 3C.

Tedeschi R.G., Calhoun L.G. Trauma and Transformation: Growing in the Aftermath of Suffering. – Sherman Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1995. P. 1.

Schulz R., Decker S. Long-Term Adjustment to Physical Disability: The Role of Social Support, Perceived Control and Self-Blame // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48: 1162–1172, 1985; Wortman C.B., Silver R.C. Coping with Irrevocable Loss // Cataclysms, Crises and Catastrophes: Psychology in Action, eds. G.R. VandenBos and B.K. Bryant. – Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1987. P. 185–235; Brickman P., Coates D., Janoff-Bulman R.J. Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 917–927, 1978.

Taylor S.E. Adjustment to Threatening Events: A Theory of Cognitive Adaptation // American Psychologist 38: 1161–1173, 1983.

Gilbert D.T., Driver-Linn E., Wilson T.D. The Trouble with Vronsky: Impact Bias in the Forecasting of Future Affective States // The Wisdom in Feeling: Psychological Processes in Emotional Intelligence, eds. L.F. Barrett and P. Salovey. – New York: Guilford Press, 2002. P. 114–143; Wilson T.D., Gilbert D.T. Affective Forecasting // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. M. Zanna, vol. 35. – New York: Elsevier, 2003.

Sackett D.L., Torrance G.W. The Utility of Different Health States as Perceived by the General Public // Journal of Chronic Disease, 1978. P. 697–704; Dolan P., Kahneman D. Interpretations of Utility and Their Implications for the Valuation of Health (неопубликованные материалы, Princeton University, 2005); Riis J. et al. Ignorance of Hedonic Adaptation to Hemo-Dialysis: A Study Using Ecological Momentary Assessment // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 134: 3–9, 2005.

Menzela P. et al. The Role of Adaptation to Disability and Disease in Health State Valuation: A Preliminary Normative Analysis // Social Science – Medicine 55: 2149–2158, 2002.

Dolan P. Modelling Valuations for EuroQol Health States // Medical Care 11: 1095–1108, 1997.

Jonides J., Gleitman H. A Conceptual Category Effect in Visual Search: O as Letter or as Digit // Perception and Psychophysics 12: 457–460, 1972.

Solley C.M., Santos J.F. Perceptual Learning with Partial Verbal Reinforcement // Perceptual and Motor Skills 8: 183–193, 1958; Turner E.D., Bevan W. Patterns of Experience and the Perceived Orientation of the Necker Cube // Journal of General Psychology 70: 345–352, 1964.

Dunning D., Meyerowitz J.A., Holzberg A.D. Ambiguity and Self-Evaluation: The Role of Idiosyncratic Trait Definitions in Self-Serving Assessments of Ability // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 1–9, 1989.

Morewedge C.K., Gilbert D.T., неопубликованные и необработанные материалы, Harvard University, 2004.

Brehm J.W. Post-decision Changes in Desirability of Alternatives // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 52: 384–389, 1956.

Lawler E.E. et al. Job Choice and Post Decision Dissonance // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 13: 133–145, 1975.

Lyubomirsky S., Ross L. Changes in Attractiveness of Elected, Rejected and Precluded Alternatives: A Comparison of Happy and Unhappy Individuals // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76: 988–1007, 1999.

Knox R.E., Inkster J.A. Post-decision Dissonance at Post Time // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8: 319–323, 1968.

Frenkel O.J., Doob A.N. Post-decision Dissonance at the Polling Booth // Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 8: 347–350, 1976.

Baumeister R.F. The Optimal Margin of Illusion // Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 8: 176–189, 1989; Taylor S.E. Positive Illusions. – New York: Basic Books, 1989; Taylor S.E., Brown J.D. Illusion and Well-being: A Social-Psychological Perspective on Mental Health // Psychological Bulletin 103: 193–210, 1988; Kunda Z. The Case for Motivated Reasoning // Psychological Bulletin 108: 480–498, 1990; Pyszczynski T., Greenberg J. Toward an Integration of Cognitive and Motivational Perspectives on Social Inference: A Biased Hypothesis-Testing Model // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 20, ed. L.E. Berkowitz. – San Diego: Academic Press, 1987. P. 297–340.

Swann W.B., Pelham B.W., Krull D.C. Agreeable Fancy or Disagreeable Truth? Reconciling Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 782–791, 1989; Swann W.B., Rentfrow P.J., Guinn J. Self-Verification: The Search for Coherence // Handbook of Self and Identity, eds. M. Leary and J. Tagney. – New York: Guilford Press, 2002. P. 367–383; Swann W.B. Self-Traps: The Elusive Quest for Higher Self-Esteem. – New York: Freeman, 1996.

Swann W.B., Pelham B.W. Who Wants Out When the Going Gets Good? Psychological Investment and Preference for Self-Verifying College Roommates // Journal of Self and Identity 1: 219–233, 2002.

Freedman J.L., Sears D.O. Selective Exposure // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. L. Berkowitz, vol. 2. – New York: Academic Press, 1965. P. 57–97; Frey D. Recent Research on Selective Exposure to Information // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. L. Berkowitz, vol. 19. – New York: Academic Press, 1986. P. 41–80.

Frey D., Stahlberg D. Selection of Information After Receiving More or Less Reliable Self-Threatening Information // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12: 434–441, 1986.

Holton B., Pyszczynski T. Biased Information Search in the Interpersonal Domain // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15: 42–51, 1989.

Ehrlich D. et al. Postdecision Exposure to Relevant Information // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 54: 98–102, 1957.

Sanitioso R., Kunda Z., Fong G.T. Motivated Recruitment of Autobiographical Memories // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59: 229–241, 1990.

Tesser A., Rosen S. Similarity of Objective Fate as a Determinant of the Reluctance to Transmit Unpleasant Information: The MUM Effect // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 23: 46–53, 1972.

Snyder M., Swann W.B. Hypothesis Testing Processes in Social Interaction // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36: 1202–1212, 1978; Swann W.B., Giuliano T., Wegner D.M. Where Leading Questions Can Lead: The Power of Conjecture in Social Interaction // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42: 1025–1035, 1982.

Gilbert D.T., Jones E.E. Perceiver-Induced Constraint: Interpretations of Self-Generated Reality // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50: 269–280, 1986.

Festinger L. A Theory of Social Comparison Processes // Human Relations 7: 117–140, 1954; Tesser A., Millar M., Moore J. Some Affective Consequences of Social Comparison and Reflection Processes: The Pain and Pleasure of Being Close // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 49–61, 1988; Taylor S.E., Lobel M. Social Comparison Activity Under Threat: Downward Evaluation and Upward Contacts // Psychological Review 96: 569–575, 1989; Wills T.A. Downward Comparison Principles in Social Psychology // Psychological Bulletin 90: 245–271, 1981.

Pyszczynski T., Greenberg J., LaPrelle J. Social Comparison After Success and Failure: Biased Search for Information Consistent with a Self-Servicing Conclusion // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 21: 195–211, 1985.

Wood J.V., Taylor S.E., Lichtman R.R. Social Comparison in Adjustment to Breast Cancer // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 1169–1183, 1985.

Taylor S.E. et al. Social Support, Support Groups and Cancer Patient // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54: 608–615, 1986.

Tesser A., Smith J. Some Effects of Task Relevance and Friendship on Helping: You Don’t Always Help the One You Like // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16: 582–590, 1980.

Hastorf A.H., Cantril H. They Saw a Game: A Case Study // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 49: 129–134, 1954.

Sigelman L., Sigelman C.K. Judgment of the Carter-Reagan Debate: The Eyes of the Beholders // Public Opinion Quarterly 48: 624–628, 1984; Bothwell R.K., Brigham J.C. Selective Evaluation and Recall During the 1980 Reagan-Carter Debate // Journal of Applied Social Psychology 13: 427–442, 1983; Payne J.G. et al. Perceptions of the 1988 Presidential and Vice-Presidential Debates // American Behavioral Scientist 32: 425–435, 1989; Munro G.D. et al. Biased Assimilation of Sociopolitical Arguments: Evaluating the 1996 U. S. Presidential Debates // Basic and Applied Social Psychology 24: 15–26, 2002.

Vallone R.P., Ross L., Lepper M.R. The Hostile Media Phenomenon: Biased Perception and Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the Beirut Massacre // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 577–585, 1985.

Lord C.G., Ross L., Lepper M.R. Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: «The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence» // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 2098–2109, 1979.

Pyszczynski T., Greenberg J., Holt K. Maintaining Consistency Between Self-Serving Beliefs and Available Data: A Bias in Information Evaluation // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 11: 179–190, 1985.

Ditto P.H., Lopez D.F. Motivated Skepticism: Use of Differential Decision Criteria for Preferred and Nonpreferred Conclusions // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: 568–584, 1992.

Там же.

Gilovich T. How We Know What Isn’t So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. – New York: Free Press, 1991.

Agence-France-Presse. Italy: City Wants Happier Goldfish // New York Times, 24 July 2004, A5.

Wilson T.D. Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious. – Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002; Bargh J.A., Chartrand T.L. The Unbearable Automaticity of Being // American Psychologist 54: 462–479, 1999.

Nisbett R.E., Wilson T.D. Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes // Psychological Review 84: 231–259, 1977; Bem D.J. Self-Perception Theory // Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. L. Berkowitz, vol. 6. – New York: Academic Press, 1972; Gazzaniga M.S. The Social Brain. – New York: Basic Books, 1985; Wegner D.M. The Illusion of Conscious Will. – Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003.

Higgins E.T. Rholes W.S., Jones C.R. Category Accessibility and Impression Formation // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 13: 141–154, 1977.

Bargh J., Chen M., Burrows L. Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71: 230–244, 1996.

Dijksterhuis A., van Knippenberg A. The Relation Between Perception and Behavior, or How to Win a Game of Trivial Pursuit // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74: 865–877, 1998.

Nisbett R.E., Wilson T.D. Telling More Than We Can Know: Verbal Reports on Mental Processes // Psychological Review 84: 231–259, 1977.

Schooler J.W., Ariely D., Loewenstein G. The Pursuit and Assessment of Happiness Can Be Self-Defeating // The Psychology of Economic Decisions: Rationality and Well-Being, eds. I. Brocas and J. Carillo, vol. 1. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Ochsner K.N. et al. Rethinking Feelings: An fMRI Study of the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14: 1215–1229, 2002.

Wegner D.M., Erber R., Zanakos S. Ironic Processes in the Mental Control of Mood and Mood-Related Thought // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65: 1093–1104, 1993; Wegner D.M., Broome A., Blumberg S.J. Ironic Effects of Trying to Relax Under Stress // Behavior Research and Therapy 35: 11–21, 1997.

Gilbert D.T. et al. Immune Neglect: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75: 617–638, 1998.

Там же.

Gilbert D.T. et al. Looking Forward to Looking Backward: The Misprediction of Regret // Psychological Science 15: 346–350, 2004.

Gilovich T., Medvec V.H. The Experience of Regret: What When and Why // Psychological Review 102: 379–395, 1995; Roese N. If Only: How to Turn Regret into Opportunity. – New York: Random House, 2004; Loomes G., Sugden R. Regret Theory: An Alternative Theory of Rational Choice Under Uncertainty // Economic Journal 92: 801–824, 1982; Bell D. Regret in Decision Making Under Uncertainty // Operations Research 20: 961–981, 1982.

Ritov I., Baron J. Outcome Knowledge, Regret and Omission Bias // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 64: 119–127, 1998; Ritov I., Baron J. Probability of Regret: Anticipation of Uncertainty Resolution in Choice: Outcome Knowledge, Regret and Omission Bias // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 66: 228–236, 1996; Zeelenberg M. Anticipated Regret, Expected Feedback and Behavioral Decision Making // Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 12: 93–106, 1999.

Crawford M.T. et al. Reactance, Compliance, and Anticipated Regret // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38: 56–63, 2002.

Simonson I. The Influence of Anticipating Regret and Responsibility on Purchase Decisions // Journal of Consumer Research 19: 105–118, 1992.

Medvec V.H., Madey S.F., Gilovich T. When Less Is More: Counterfactual Thinking and Satisfaction Among Olympic Medalists // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 603–610, 1995; Kahneman D., Tversky A. Variants of Uncertainty // Cognition 11: 143–157, 1982.

Kahneman D., Tversky A. The Psychology of Preferences // Scientific American 246: 160–173.

Gilovich T., Medvec V.H. The Experience of Regret: What, When and Why // Psychological Review 102: 379–395.

Gilovich T., Medvec V.H., Chen S. Omission, Commission and Dissonance Reduction: Overcoming Regret in the Monty Hall Problem // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21:182–190, 1995.

Gerard H.B., Mathewson G.C. The Effects of Severity of Initiation on Liking for a Group: A Replication // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2: 278–287, 1966.

Zimbardo P.G. Control of Pain Motivation by Cognitive Dissonance // Science 151: 217–219, 1966.

См. также: Aronson E., Mills J. The Effect of Severity of Initiation on Liking for a Group // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 59: 177–181, 1958; Freedman J.L. Long-Term Behavioral Effects of Cognitive Dissonance // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1: 145–155, 1965; Shaffer D.R., Hendrick C. Effects of Actual Effort and Anticipated Effort on Task Enhancement // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 7: 435–447, 1971; Arkes H.R., Blumer C. The Psychology of Sunk Cost // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 35: 124–140, 1985; Jost J.T. et al. Social Inequality and the Reduction of Ideological Dissonance on Behalf of the System: Evidence of Enhanced System Justification Among the Disadvantaged // European Journal of Social Psychology 33: 13–36, 2003.

Gilbert D.T. et al. The Peculiar Longevity of Things Not So Bad // Psychological Science 15: 14–19, 2004.

Frey D. et al. Re-evaluation of Decision Alternatives Dependent Upon the Reversibility of a Decision and the Passage of Time // European Journal of Social Psychology 14: 447–450, 1984; Frey D. Reversible and Irreversible Decisions: Preference for Consonant Information as a Function of Attractiveness of Decision Alternatives // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 7: 621–626, 1981.

Wiggins S. et al. The Psychological Consequences of Predictive Testing for Huntington’s Disease // New England Journal of Medicine 327: 1401–1405, 1992.

Gilbert D.T., Ebert J.E.J. Decisions and Revisions: The Affective Forecasting of Changeable Outcomes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82: 503–514, 2002.

Brehm J.W. A Theory of Psychological Reactance. – New York: Academic Press, 1966.

Iyengar S.S., Lepper M.R. When Choice Is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 995–1006, 2000; Schwartz B. Self-Determination: The Tyranny of Freedom // American Psychologist 55: 79–88, 2000.

Pennebaker J.W. Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process // Psychological Science 8: 162–166, 1997.

Pennebaker J.W., Mayne T.J., Francis M.E. Linguistic Predictors of Adaptive Bereavement // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72: 863–871, 1997.

Wilson T.D. et al. The Pleasures of Uncertainty: Prolonging Positive Moods in Ways People Do Not Anticipate // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88: 5–21, 2005.

Fischoff B. Hindsight =/= foresight: The Effects of Outcome Knowledge on Judgment Under Uncertainty // Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1: 288–299, 1975; Anderson C.A., Lepper M.R., Ross L. Perseverance of Social Theories: The Role of Explanation in the Persistence of Discredited Information // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39: 1037–1049, 1980.

Weiner B. Spontaneous’ Causal Thinking // Psychological Bulletin 97: 74–84, 1985; Hassin R.R., Bargh J.A., Uleman J.S. Spontaneous Causal Inferences // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38: 515–522, 2002.

Zeigarnik B. Das Behalten erledigter und unerledigter Handlungen // Psychologische Forschung 9: 1–85, 1927; Boguslavsky G.W. Interruption and Learning // Psychological Review 58: 248–255, 1951.

Wilson T.D. et al. The Pleasures of Uncertainty: Prolonging Positive Moods in Ways People Do Not Anticipate // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88: 5–21, 2005.

Wirtz D. et al. What to Do on Spring Break? The Role of Predicted, Online and Remembered Experience in Future Choice // Psychological Science 14: 520–524, 2003; Bluck S. et al. A Tale of Three Functions: The Self-Reported Use of Autobiographical Memory // Social Cognition 23: 91–117, 2005.

Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: A Heuristic for Judgment Frequency and Probability // Cognitive Psychology 5: 207–232, 1973.

Sanna L.J., Schwarz N. Integrating Temporal Biases: The Interplay of Focal Thoughts and Accessibility Experiences // Psychological Science 15: 474–481, 2004.

Brown R., Kulik J. Flashbulb Memories // Cognition 5: 73–99, 1977; Blaney P.H. Affect and Memory: A Review // Psychological Bulletin 99: 229–246, 1986.

Miller D.T., Taylor B.R. Counterfactual Thought, Regret and Superstition: How to Avoid Kicking Yourself // What Might Have Been: The Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking, eds. N.J. Roese and J.M. Olson. – Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995; Kruger J., Wirtz D., Miller D.T. Counterfactual Thinking and the First Instinct Fallacy // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (in press).

Buehler R., McFarland C. Intensity Bias in Affective Forecasting: The Role of Temporal Focus // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27: 1480–1493, 2001.

Morewedge C.K., Gilbert D.T., Wilson T.D. The Least Likely of Times: How Memory for Past Events Biases the Prediction of Future Events // Psychological Science 16: 626–630, 2005.

Fredrickson B.L., Kahneman D. Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65: 45–55, 1993; Ariely D., Carmon Z. Summary Assessment of Experiences: The Whole Is Different from the Sum of Its Parts // Time and Decision, eds. G. Loewenstein, D. Read and R.F. Baumeister. – New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2003. P. 323–349.

Lepley W.M. Retention as a Function of Serial Position // Psychological Bulletin 32: 730, 1935; Murdock B.B. The Serial Position Effect of Free Recall // Journal of Experimental Psychology 64: 482–488, 1962; White T.L., Treisman M. A Comparison of the Encoding of Content and Order in Olfactory Memory and in Memory for Visually Presented Verbal Materials // British Journal of Psychology 88: 459–472, 1997.

Anderson N.H. Serial Position Curves in Impression Formation // Journal of Experimental Psychology 97: 8–12, 1973.

Kahneman D. et al. When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better Ending // Psychological Science 4: 401–405, 1993.

Christensen-Szalansky J.J. Discount Functions and the Measurement of Patients’ Values: Women’s Decisions During Childbirth // Medical Decision Making 4: 47–58, 1984.

Holmberg D., Holmes J.G. Reconstruction of Relationship Memories: A Mental Models Approach // Autobiographical Memory and the Validity of Retrospective Reports, eds. N. Schwarz and N. Sudman. – New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994. P. 267–288; McFarland C., Ross M. The Relation Between Current Impressions and Memories of Self and Dating Partners // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13: 228–238, 1987.

Kahneman D. Objective Happiness // Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology, eds. D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz. – New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999. P. 3–25.

См.: Well-Being and Time // Velleman J.D. The Possibility of Practical Reason. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Diener E., Wirtz D., Oishi S. End Effects of Rated Quality of Life: The James Dean Effect // Psychological Science 12: 124–128, 2001.

Robinson M.D., Clore G.L. Belief and Feeling: Evidence for an Accessibility Model of Emotional Self-Report // Psychological Bulletin 128: 934–960, 2002; Levine L.G., Safer M.A. Sources of Bias in Memory for Emotions // Current Directions in Psychological Science 11: 169–173, 2002.

Robinson M.D., Clore G.L. Episodic and Semantic Knowledge in Emotional Self-Report: Evidence for Two Judgment Processes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 198–215, 2002.

Robinson M.D., Johnson J.T., Shields S.A. The Gender Heuristic and the Database: Factors Affecting the Perception of Gender-Related Differences in the Experience and Display of Emotions // Basic and Applied Social Psychology 20: 206–219, 1998.

McFarland C., Ross M., DeCourville N. Women’s Theories of Menstruation and Biases in Recall of Menstrual Symptoms // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 522–531, 1981.

Oishi S. The Experiencing and Remembering of Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Analysis // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 1398–1406, 2002.

Scollon C.N. et al. Emotions Across Cultures and Methods // Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35: 304–326, 2004.

M.A. Safer, L.J. Levine, Drapalski A.L. Distortion in Memory for Emotions: The Contributions of Personality and Post-Event Knowledge // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 1495–1507, 2002; Dewhurst S.A., Marlborough M.A. Memory Bias in the Recall of Pre-exam Anxiety: The Influence of Self-Enhancement // Applied Cognitive Psychology 17: 695–702, 2003.

Mitchell T.R. et al. Temporal Adjustments in the Evaluation of Events: The ‘Rosy View’ // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33: 421–448, 1997.

Wilson T.D. et al. Preferences as Expectation-Driver Inferences: Effects of Affective Expectations on Affective Experience // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56: 519–530, 1989.

Stone A.A. et al. Prospective and Cross-Sectional Mood Reports Offer No Evidence of a ‘Blue Monday’ Phenomenon // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 129–134, 1985.

Quine W.V., Ullian J.S. The Web of Belief, 2nd ed. – New York: Random House, 1978. P. 51.

Russell B. The Analysis of Mind. – New York: Macmillan, 1921. P. 231.

Докинз Р.Дж. Эгоистичный ген. – М.: АСТ, Corpus, 2013; Blackmore S. The Meme Machine. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Dennett D.C. Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. – Cambridge, Mass.: Bradford/MIT Press, 1981. P. 18.

Layard R. Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. – New York: Penguin, 2005; Diener E., Seligman M.E.P. Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being // Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5: 1–31, 2004; Frey B.S., Stutzer A. Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being. – Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2002; Easterlin R.A. Income and Happiness: Towards a Unified Theory // Economic Journal 111: 465–484, 2001; Blanchflower D.G., Oswald A.J. Well-Being Over Time in Britain and the USA // Journal of Public Economics 88: 1359–1386, 2004.

Graaf J.D. et al. Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic. – New York: Berrett-Koehler, 2002; Myers D. The American Paradox: Spiritual Hunger in an Age of Plenty. – New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000; Frank R.H. Luxury Fever. – Princeton, N. G.: Princeton University Press, 2000; Schor J.B. The Overspent American: Why We Want We Don’t Need. – New York: Perennial, 1999; Wachtel P.L. Poverty of Affluence: A Psychological Portrait of the American Way of Life. – New York: Free Press, 1983.

Smith A. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. – New York: Modern Library, 1994.

Aschraf N., Camerer C., Loewenstein G. Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist // Journal of Economic Perspectives (in press).

Smith A. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Walker C. Some Variations in Marital Satisfaction // Equalities and Inequalities in Family Life, eds. R. Chester and J. Peel. – London: Academic Press, 1977. P. 127–39.

Myers D. The Pursuit of Happiness: Discovering the Pathway to Fulfillment, Well-being and Enduring Personal Joy. – New York: Avon, 1992. P. 71.

Feeney J.A. Attachment Styles, Communication Patterns and Satisfaction Across the Life Cycle of marriage // Personal Relationships 1, 333–348, 1994.

Kahneman D. et al. A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method // Science 306: 1776–1780, 2004.

Wilson T.D. et al. Focalism: A Source of Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78: 821–836, 2000.

Norwick R.J., Gilbert D.T., Wilson T.D. Surrogation: An Antidote for Errors in Affective Forecasting (неопубликованные материалы, Harvard University, 2005).

Там же.

Там же.

Wylie R.C. The Self-Concept: Theory and Research on Selected Topics, vol. 2. – Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.

L. Larwood L.,and W. Whittaker, W. «Managerial Myopia: Self-Serving Biases in Organizational Planning» //, Journal of Applied Psychology 62: 194–198, (1997).

Felson R.B. Ambiguity and Bias in the Self-Concept // Social Psychology Quarterly 44: 64–69.

Walton D., Bathurst J. An Exploration of the Perceptions of the Average Driver’s Speed Compared to Perceived Driver Safety Driving Skill // Accident Analysis and Prevention 30: 821–830, 1998.

Cross P. Not Can but Will College Teachers Be Improved? // New Directions for Higher Education 17: 1–15, 1977.

Pronin E., Lin D.Y., Ross L. The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 369–381, 2002.

Kruger J. Lake Wobegon Be Gone! The ‘Below-Average Effect’ and the Egocentric Nature of Comparative Ability Judgments // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 221–232, 1999. P. 221.

Johnson J.T. et al. The ‘Barnum Effect’ Revisited: Cognitive and Motivational Factors in the Acceptance of Personality Descriptions // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 1378–1391, 1985.

Kruger J. Lake Wobegon Be Gone! The ‘Below-Average Effect’ and the Egocentric Nature of Comparative Ability Judgments // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 221–232, 1999.

Jones E.E., Nisbett R.E. The Actor and the Observer: Divergent Perceptions of the Causes of Behavior // Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, eds. E. E. Jones et al. – Morristown, N. J.: General Learning Press, 1972; Nisbett R.E., Borgida E. Attribution and the Psychology of Prediction // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 932–943, 1975.

Miller D.T., McFarland C. Pluralistic Ignorance: When Similarity Is Interpreted as Dissimilarity // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53: 298–305, 1987.

Miller D.T., Nelson L.D. Seeing Approach Motivation in the Avoidance Behavior of Others: Implications for an Understanding of Pluralistic Ignorance // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 1066–1075, 2002.

Snyder C.R., Fromkin H.L. Abnormality as a Positive Characteristic: The Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring Need for Uniqueness // Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86: 518–527, 1977.

Brewer M.B. The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17: 475–482, 1991.

Fromkin H.L. Effects of Experimentally Aroused Feelings of Undistinctiveness Upon Valuation of Scarce and Novel Experiences // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16: 521–529, 1970; Fromkin H.L. Feelings of Interpersonal Undistinctiveness: An Unpleasant Affective State // Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 6: 178–185, 1972.

Karniol R., Eylon T., Rish S. Predicting Your Own and Other’s Thought and Feelings: More Like a Stranger Than a Friend // European Journal of Social Psychology 27: 301–311, 1997; Johnson J.T. The Heart on the Sleeve and the Secret Self: Estimations of Hidden Emotion in Self and Acquaintances // Journal of Personality 55: 563–582, 1987; Karniol R. Egocentrism Versus Protocentrism: The Status of Self in Social Prediction // Psychological Review 110: 564–580, 2003.

Barr C.L., Kleck R.E. Self-Other Perception of the Intensity of Facial Expressions of Emotion: Do We Know What We Show? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 608–618, 1995.

Karniol R., Koren L. How Would You Feel? Children’s Inferences Regarding Their Own and Other’s Affective Reactions // Cognitive Development 2: 271–278, 1987.

McFarland C., Miller D.T. Judgments of Self-Other Similarity: Just Like Other People, Only More So // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16: 475–484, 1990.

Bernoulli D. Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk // Econometrica 22: 23–36, 1954 (originally published as «Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis» // Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae, vol. 5, 1738). P. 175–192.

Там же, p. 25.