2:44–52 (1998). For an exciting recent application to the difference between waking and sleeping, see M. Massimini et al., «Breakdown of Cortical Effective Connectivity During Sleep,»
Science 309:2228-32 (2005). For a popular description, see Edelman and Tononi,
A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
6. Thomas Metzinger, Being No One: The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003).
7. In Greek mythology, the analogy between sleep and death was even closer: Hypnos, the god of sleep, and Thanatos, the god of death, were twins, the sons of Nyx, the night. Morpheus, the god of dreams, was Hypnos' son. As in Shakespeare, to sleep, and possibly to die, is perchance to dream.
8. See V. A. F. Lamme, «Towards a True Neural Stance on Consciousness,» Trends Cog. Sci. 10(11):494–501 (2006); S. Dehaene et al., «Conscious, Preconscious, and Subliminal Processing: A Testable Taxonomy,» Trends Cog. Sci. 10(5):204–211 (2006).
9. A. Lutz, «Changes in the Tonic High-Amplitude Gamma Oscillations During Meditation Correlates with Long-Term Practitioners' Verbal Reports,» poster at the 9th ASSC conference, Pasadena, CA (2005); Lutz et al., «Long-Term Meditators Self-Induce High-Amplitude Synchrony During Mental Practice,» Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 101(46):16369-73 (2004). A good recent review is A. Lutz et al., «Attention Regulation and Monitoring in Meditation,» Trends Cog. Sci. 12(4):163–169 (2008).
10. Although I ultimately disagree with his theory of the «objective self,» perhaps the most beautiful and readable exposition of this problem and its application to self-consciousness can be found in chapter 4 of Thomas Nagel's The View from Nowhere (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
11. R. L. Gregory, «Visual Illusions Classified,» Trends Cog. Sci. 1:190–194 (1997).
12. Ernst Poppel, Mindworks: Time and Conscious Experience (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988); E. Ruhnau, «Time-Gestalt and the Observer,» in Thomas Metzinger, ed., Conscious Experience (Thorverton, UK, and Paderborn, Germany: mentis & Imprint Academic, 1995).
13. R. M. Halsey & A. Chapanis, «Number of Absolutely Identifiable Hues,» Jour. OpticalSoc. Amer. 41(12):1057-58 (1951). For an excellent philosophical discussion, see D. Raffman, «On the Persistence of Phenomenology,» in Thomas Metzinger, ed., Conscious Experience (Thorverton, UK, and Paderborn, Germany: mentis & Imprint Academic, 1995).
14. Raffman, «On the Persistence of Phenomenology,» 295 (1995).