Safe Operation of Nuclear Ships
Experience. The first stage was difficult because of lack of experience in the technical operation of marine nuclear reactors as such, and even more of nuclcar-powered ships.
Major conclusions drawn after the first period of trial operation were that nuclear power plant is reliable in operation, provides for easy
passing through transient conditions from any power range and gives ice-breakers good manoeuvrability.
The system of a nuclear power guarantees safe charging of power output when energy reactor protection is activated, or when pieces of equipment are out of order.
Biological shielding and other design elements are reliable guards for personnel and environment.
Endurance of 210 days with one charge of fuel was confirmed. At the same time, several shortcomings of the first nuclear steam-generating plant were revealed.
Major equipment had a short service life.
Certain elements of equipment had poor maintainability in the central compartment which was imperfectly designed for radioactive decontamination.
The great number of steeled joints in the primary coolant circuit reduced its reliability, caused temporary reactor shutdowns and contributed to the formation of liquid radioactive wastes.
The systems of electric power supply, control and automation also required improvement.
The short service life of major equipment, such as steam generators, the primary circuit gate valve, etc., a high cost of dismantling/mounting of radioactive equipment were major handicaps to the success of nuclear power.
Solutions included the design of special equipment for the repair and reloading of reactors; and the collection and utilization of radioactive wastes.
42
20
Home exercise. Read the text and after each sentence write the number of logical units. Point out main and subordinate clauses, their subjects, predicates and objects.
Operation of Alarm Measuring Systems
Measuring systems. Analog transducers which sense temperatures, pressures, etc., in the process arc connected to the system. The transducer output may be current, voltage or resistance. The input signal is filtered and normalized to a defined voltage level in the system.
The normalized measured value is connected across the system bus to the display unit when the push-button for manual measuring in the front of a module is depressed. The signal is scaled to its correct value before A/D conversion and presentation on the digital display with the correct number of decimals.