Инсайт (Эйрих)

Джордж Вашингтон. Письмо Джону Огастину Вашингтону от 31 мая 1754 года.

Джордж Вашингтон. Письмо Роберту Динвидди от 3 июня 1754 года.

Ron Chernow. Washington: A Life. Penguin, 2010, p. 49.

Во всей книге основные термины, инструменты и выводы выделены жирным шрифтом для того, чтобы было легче на них ссылаться.

Издана на русском языке: Рамачандран В. Мозг рассказывает. Что делает нас людьми. — М.: Карьера Пресс, 2016.

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran. The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Quest for What Makes Us Human. W. W. Norton & Company, 2012, p. 4. (Рамачандран В. Мозг рассказывает. Что делает нас людьми. М.: Карьера Пресс, 2016.

Mark R. Leary and Nicole R. Buttermore. “The evolution of the human self: Tracing the natural history of self-awareness.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 33.4 (2003): 365–404.

Donna Hart and Robert W. Sussman. Man the Hunted: Primates, Predators, and Human Evolution. Basic Books, 2005, pp. 159–164.

Этот вывод сделан на основе нашей программы изучения самоосознания.

D. Scott Ridley, et al. “Self-regulated learning: The interactive influence of metacognitive awareness and goal-setting.” Journal of Experimental Education 60.4 (1992): 293–306; Saundra H. Glover, et al. “Re-examining the influence of individual values on ethical decision making.” From the Universities to the Marketplace: The Business Ethics Journey. Springer Netherlands, 1997. 109–119.

Stephen L. Franzoi, Mark H. Davis, and Richard D. Young. “The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48.6 (1985): 1584–1594.

Clive Fletcher and Caroline Bailey. “Assessing self-awareness: Some issues and methods.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 18.5 (2003): 395–404; John J. Sosik and Lara E. Megerian. “Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance: The role of self-other agreement on transformational leadership perceptions.” Group & Organization Management 24.3 (1999): 367–390.

Heather K. Warren and Cynthia A. Stifter. “Maternal emotion-related socialization and preschoolers’ developing emotion self-awareness.” Social Development 17.2 (2008): 239–258.

Vladimir D. Shadrikov. “The role of reflection and reflexivity in the development of students’ abilities.” Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 6.2 (2013).

Chris Brown, Roberta George-Curran, and Marian L. Smith. “The role of emotional intelligence in the career commitment and decision-making process.” Journal of Career Assessment 11.4 (2003): 379–392; Romila Singh and Jeffrey H. Greenhaus. “The relation between career decision-making strategies and person-job fit: A study of job changers.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 64.1 (2004): 198–221.

Paul J. Silvia and Maureen E. O’Brien. “Self-awareness and constructive functioning: Revisiting ‘the human dilemma.’” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23.4 (2004): 475, 480–481.

Anna Sutton, Helen M. Williams, and Christopher W. Allinson. “A longitudinal, mixed method evaluation of self-awareness training in the workplace.” European Journal of Training and Development 39.7 (2015): 610–627.

Anna Sutton, Helen M. Williams, and Christopher W. Allinson. “A longitudinal, mixed method evaluation of self-awareness training in the workplace.” European Journal of Training and Development 39.7 (2015): 610–627.

Peter Fischer, Tobias Greitemeyer, and Dieter Frey. “Unemployment and aggression: The moderating role of self-awareness on the effect of unemployment on aggression.” Aggressive Behavior 34.1 (2008): 34–45.

См. Paul J. Silvia and Maureen E. O’Brien. “Selfawareness and constructive functioning: Revisiting ‘the human dilemma.’” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23.4 (2004): 475, 479–480.

Allan H. Church, “Managerial self-awareness in high-performing individuals in organizations.” Journal of Applied Psychology 82.2 (1997): 281–292.

Bernard M. Bass and Francis J. Yammarino. “Congruence of self and others’ leadership ratings of naval officers for understanding successful performance.” Applied Psychology 40.4 (1991): 437–454.

Bass and Yammarino, “Congruence of self and others’ leadership ratings”; Malcolm Higgs and Deborah Rowland. “Emperors with clothes on: The role of self-awareness in developing effective change leadership.” Journal of Change Management 10.4 (2010): 369–385.

Kenneth N. Wexley, et al. “Attitudinal congruence and similarity as related to interpersonal evaluations in manager-subordinate dyads.” Academy of Management Journal 23.2 (1980): 320–330.

Atuma Okpara, et al. “Self awareness and organizational performance in the Nigerian banking sector.” European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences 3.1 (2015); Harry Schrage. “The R&D entrepreneur: Profile of success.” Harvard Business Review, November — December, 1965, 56–69; Korn Ferry Institute. “Korn Ferry Institute study shows link between self-awareness and company financial performance,” kornferry.com, June 15, 2015, http://www.kornferry.com/press/korn-ferry-institute-study-shows-link-between-self-awareness-andcompany-fnancial-performance/.

PDI Ninth House. “Accurate self-insight decreases derailment risk,” Leadership Research Bulletin, January 24, 2013, http://www.kornferry.com/institute/565-accurate-self-insight-decreasesderailment-risk.

J. Evelyn Orr, Victoria V. Swisher, King Y. Tang, and Kenneth De Meuse. “Illuminating blind spots and hidden strengths,” kornferry.com, September 2010, http://­www.kornferry.com/­media/­lominger_­pdf/­Insights_­Illuminating_­Blind_­Spots_­and_­Hidden_­Strengths.pdf.

University of Phoenix School of Business. “Nearly three-fourths of US workers in their 30s want a career change,” University of Phoenix News release, July 29, 2015, http://www.phoenix.edu/news/releases/2015/07/uopx-survey-reveals-three-fourths-us-workers-intheir-thirties-want-career-change.html; http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/nlsoy.pdf.

Издана на русском языке: Бредбери Т., Гривс Дж.Эмоциональный интеллект 2.0. — М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017.

Меня часто спрашивают о том, как самоосознание связано с эмоциональным интеллектом. Простыми словами, суть эмоционального интеллекта сводится к осознанию и регулированию собственных эмоций и эмоций окружающих, тогда как самоосознание — гораздо более широкое понятие, охватывающее наши внутренние качества, выходящие за рамки эмоций (наши ценности, увлечения, стремления, подходящие условия, паттерны, реакции и влияние на других людей), а также то, как нас воспринимают окружающие.

David Dunning, Chip Heath, and Jerry M. Suls. “Flawed self-assessment implications for health, education, and the workplace.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5.3 (2004): 69–106.

W. W. Abbot, “An Uncommon Awareness of Self,” Prologue: Quarterly Journal of the National Archives and Records Administration 29 (1989): 7–19; repr. in George Washington Reconsidered, ed. Don Higginbotham (University Press of Virginia: 2001).

Chernow, p. 603.

Chernow., p. 603.

Chernow., p. 521.

Chernow., p. 378.

Chernow., p. 560.

Если вам интересно знать, достаточно ли выборки из 50 человек, для того чтобы сделать значимые выводы, важно обратить внимание на разницу между количественными и качественными исследованиями. Хотя большая часть наших исследований носила количественный характер (мы предлагали участникам опроса дать количественную оценку предложенных позиций), наш анализ «единорогов самоосознания» был качественным по сути. Качественное исследование подразумевает более глубокое изучение каждого участника — в нашем случае это происходило в ходе продолжительных бесед — для обнаружения общих тем и закономерностей. Для качественного исследования 50 участников — это действительно достаточно много, особенно учитывая то, что «единорогов» было так трудно найти.

СЕО — генеральный директор компании. Прим. ред..

“INEC Officially Announces Buhari as Winner of Presidential Race,” pulse.ng, April 1, 2015, http://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-inec-officially-announces-buhari-as-winner-of-presidential-race-id3619743.html.

В состав Мезоамерики входил полуостров Юкатан, Гватемала, Белиз, Мексика и западные районы Гондураса и Сальвадора.

По материалам History.com. “Mayan scientific achievements,” History.com, 2010, http://­www.history.com/­topics/­mayan-scientifc-achievements.

Michon Scott. “Mayan mysteries,” earth­observatory.nasa.gov, August 24, 2004, http://­earth­observatory.nasa.gov/­Features/­Maya/.

Michon Scott. “Mayan mysteries,” earth­observatory.nasa.gov, August 24, 2004, http://­earth­observatory.nasa.gov/­Features/­Maya/.

Издана на русском языке: Даймонд Дж. Коллапс. Почему одни общества приходят к процветанию, а другие — к гибели. — М.: АСТ, 2016.

Billie L. Turner and Jeremy A. Sabloff. “Classic Period collapse of the Central Maya Lowlands: Insights about human — environment relationships for sustainability.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.35 (2012): 13908–13914.

Joseph Stromberg. “Why did the Mayan civilization collapse? A new study points to deforestation and climate change,” smith­sonianmag.com, August 23, 2012, http://­www.smith­sonianmag.com/­science-nature/­why-did-the-mayan-civilization-collapse-a-new-study-points-to-deforestation-and-climate-change-30863026/­?no-ist.48

Brian Wu. “Blue hole of Belize may explain what happened to the Mayans,” sciencetimes.com, December 30, 2014, http://­www.sciencetimes.com/­articles/­2257/­20141230/­blue-hole-of-belizemay-explain-what-happened-to-the-mayans.htm.

Greg C. Ashley and Roni Reiter-Palmon. “Selfawareness and the evolution of leaders: The need for a better measure of self-awareness.” Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 14.1 (2012): 2–17.

D. Brett King, William Douglas Woody, and Wayne Viney. History of Psychology: Ideas and Context. Routledge, 2015.

Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries. Telling Fairy Tales in the Boardroom: How to Make Sure Your Organization Lives Happily Ever After. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 28.

Rabbi Shlomo Wolbe, Alei Shur, Volume 1. Bais Hamussar, 1968, p. 141.

Deborah L. Black. “Avicenna on self-awareness and knowing that one knows,” in S. Rahman et al. (eds.), The Unity of Science in the Arabic Tradition. Springer, 2008, pp. 63–87, http://individual.utoronto.ca/dlblack/articles/blackselfknrev.pdf.

Paul J. Silvia and T. Shelley Duval. “Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 5.3 (2001): 230–241.

Allan Fenigstein, Michael F. Scheier, and Arnold H. Buss. “Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 43.4 (1975): 522–527.

Paul D. Trapnell and Jennifer D. Campbell. “Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76.2 (1999): 284–304.

Arthur I. Wohlers and Manuel London. “Ratings of managerial characteristics: evaluation difficulty, co-worker agreement, and self-awareness.” Personnel Psychology 42.2 (1989): 235–261.

John T. Kulas and Lisa M. Finkelstein. “Content and reliability of discrepancy-defined self-awareness in multisource feedback.” Organizational Research Methods 10.3 (2007): 502–522.

Однако есть несколько значимых исключений, таких как исследователь Энтони Грант; в главе 5 вы узнаете больше о его работе.

Benjamin Franklin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Garden City Publishing Company, 1916. (Франклин Б. Путь к богатству. Автобиография. М.: Эксмо, 2015.

The Independent Hall Association. “The electric Benjamin Franklin,” ushistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/inventions.htm.

В англоязычных странах закрепилась традиция начинать неделю с воскресенья. Прим. ред..

Ben Huh. “I cheated on my life goals and life actually got better,” medium.com, August 27, 2015, https://medium.com/@benhuh/i-cheated-on-my-life-goals-and-life-actually-got-better-78121bdf1790#.al1gu1kan.

INTJ (cокр. от introversion, intuition, thinking, judging) — интроверсия, интуиция, мышление, суждение. Прим. пер..

Lucy Ash. “Personality tests: Can they indentify the real you?” BBC News Magazine, July 6, 2012, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18723950.

Jeffrey A. Joireman, Les Parrott III, and Joy Hammersla. “Empathy and the self-absorption paradox: Support for the distinction between self-rumination and self-reflection.” Self and Identity 1.1 (2002): 53–65.

Хотелось бы поблагодарить Чипа Хиза за то, что он сообщил мне об этом исследовании! Eli J. Finkel, et al. “A brief intervention to promote conflict reappraisal preserves marital quality over time.” Psychological Science (2013): 1595–1601.

“The children we mean to raise,” huffngton­post.com, July 16, 2014, http://­www.huffngton­post.com/­richard-weissbourd/­the-children-we-mean-to-raise_b_5589259.html.

Benjamin Franklin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Garden City Publishing Company, 1916. (Франклин Б. Путь к богатству. Автобиография. М.: Эксмо, 2015.

6 мая 1937 года при выполнении посадки на базе ВВС США жесткий дирижабль, наполненный водородом, завершая очередной трансатлантический рейс, загорелся и потерпел крушение, в результате погибло 35 из 97 находившихся на его борту человек, а также один член наземной команды. Прим. пер..

Charles Margerison and A. Kakabadse. “How American chief executives succeed.” New York: American Management Association (1984).

Seana Moran. “Purpose: Giftedness in intrapersonal intelligence.” High Ability Studies 20.2 (2009): 143–159.

Morgan W. McCall, Jr., Michael M. Lombardo, and Ann M. Morrison. Lessons of Experience: How Successful Executives Develop on the Job. Simon and Schuster, 1988, p. 96.

Morgan W. McCall, Jr., Michael M. Lombardo, and Ann M. Morrison. Lessons of Experience: How Successful Executives Develop on the Job. Simon and Schuster, 1988, p. 96., p. 91.

Джош Биллинг (1818–1885) — американский писатель XIX столетия, настоящее имя Генри Уиллер Шоу. Прим. ред..

Daniel Kahneman. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan, 2011, p. 201. (Канеман Д. Думай медленно… решай быстро. М.: АСТ, 2013.

Linda A. Schoo, et al. “Insight in cognition: Selfawareness of performance across cognitive domains.” Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 20.2 (2013): 95–102.

Justin Kruger and David Dunning. “Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.6 (1999): 1121–1134.

Pew Research Center. “Americans see weight problems everywhere but in the mirror,” pew­social­trends.org, April 11, 2006, http://­www.pew­social­trends.org/­2006/­04/­11/americans-see-weight-problemseverywhere-but-in-the-mirror/.

Nicholas Epley and Erin Whitchurch. “Mirror, mirror on the wall: Enhancement in self-recognition.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34.9 (2008): 1159–1170.

Paul A. Mabe and Stephen G. West. “Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 67.3 (1982): 180–196.

Richard B. Felson. “Self-and reflected appraisal among football players: A test of the Meadian hypothesis.” Social Psychology Quarterly (1981): 116–126.

Paul A. Mabe and Stephen G. West. “Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 67.3 (1982): 180–196.

По мнению половины водителей, они принадлежат к числу 20 процентов лучших по способности управлять автомобилем, а 92 процента водителей считают, что водят автомобиль более безопасно по сравнению со средним водителем! Ola Svenson. “Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers?” Acta Psychologica 47.2 (1981): 143–148.

Paul A. Mabe and Stephen G. West. “Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 67.3 (1982): 180–196.

Todd R. Zenger. “Why do employers only reward extreme performance? Examining the relationships among performance, pay, and turnover.” Administrative Science Quarterly (1992): 198–219.

K. Patricia Cross. “Not can but will college teaching be improved?” New Directions for Higher Education, 17, (1977): 1–15.

D. A. Risucci, A. J. Tortolani, and R. J. Ward. “Ratings of surgical residents by self, supervisors and peers.” Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 169.6 (1989): 519–526.

Erich C. Dierdorff and Robert S. Rubin. “Research: We’re not very self-aware, especially at work,” Harvard Business Review, March 12, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/03/research-werenot-very-self-aware-especially-at-work.

“Study shows link between self-awareness and company financial performance,” Korn Ferry Institute, June 15, 2015, http://www.kornferry.com/press/korn-ferry-institute-study-shows-linkbetween-self-awareness-and-company-fnancial-performance/.

PDI Ninth House. “You’re not all that: Self-promoters six times more likely to derail,” prnewswire.com, April 17, 2012, http://­www.prnewswire.com/­news-releases/­youre-not-all-that-selfpromoters-six-times-more-likely-to-derail-according-to-pdi-ninth-houseand-university-of-minnesota-study-147742375.html.

David Dunning. “On identifying human capital: Flawed knowledge leads to faulty judgments of expertise by individuals and groups.” Advances in Group Processes. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015, pp. 149–176.

Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate. “CEO overconfidence and corporate investment.” Journal of Finance 60.6 (2005): 2661–2700.

Fabio Sala. “Executive blind spots: Discrepancies between self-and other-ratings.” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 55.4 (2003): 222–229.

Cheri Ostroff, Leanne E. Atwater, and Barbara J. Feinberg. “Understanding self-other agreement: A look at rater and ratee characteristics, context, and outcomes.” Personnel Psychology 57.2 (2004): 333–375.

По некоторым данным, в общем случае мы более точно оцениваем себя в возрасте от 25 до 35 лет, но эта точность снижается в возрасте от 35 до 45 лет. Кроме того, поразительно, что, в отличие от студентов, изучающих естествознание, социологию и гуманитарные науки, студенты бизнес-факультетов сильнее всего завышали свою самооценку относительно объективной эффективности. Phillip L. Ackerman, Margaret E. Beier, and Kristy R. Bowen. “What we really know about our abilities and our knowledge.” Personality and Individual Differences 33 (2002): 587–605.

John W. Fleenor, et al. “Self-other rating agreement in leadership: A review.” The Leadership Quarterly 21.6 (2010): 1005–1034.

Margaret Diddams and Glenna C. Chang. “Only human: Exploring the nature of weakness in authentic leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 23.3 (2012): 593–603.

Alison Boulton. “Power corrupts but it also plays with your mind: Lloyd George, Chamberlain, and Thatcher all suffered from ‘hubris syndrome,’” independent.co.uk, September 21, 2013, http://­www.independent.co.uk/­life-style/­health-and-families/­healthnews/­power-corrupts-but-it-also-plays-with-your-mind-lloyd-georgechamberlain-and-thatcher-all-suffered-8831839.html.

Rachel M. Hayes and Scott Schaefer. “CEO pay and the Lake Wobegon effect.” Journal of Financial Economics 94.2 (2009): 280–290.

Per F. Gjerde, Miyoko Onishi, and Kevin S. Carlson. “Personality characteristics associated with romantic attachment: A comparison of interview and self-report methodologies.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30.11 (2004): 1402–1415.

Gary Wolf. “The data-driven life,” The New York Times Magazine, April 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/magazine/02self-measurement-t.html?_r=0.

Greenwald & Associates, Inc. Parents, youth, and money: Executive summary. 2001, https://www.ebri.org/surveys/pym-es.pdf.

Результаты этого исследования, проводившегося в 1976 году (когда представители послевоенного поколения учились в колледжах), свидетельствуют о том, что представители поколения миллениалов не были первыми в этой закономерности! И я, будучи представительницей этого поколения, совершенно объективно заявляю об этом.

College Board. Student descriptive questionnaire. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. 1976–1977.

Mark D. Alicke, et al. “Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68.5 (1995): 804–825.

Justin Kruger and David Dunning. “Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.6 (1999): 1121–1134.

E. Kunkel. “On the relationship between estimate of ability and driver qualification.” Psychologie und Praxis (1971).

Beth A. Lindsey and Megan L. Nagel. “Do students know what they know? Exploring the accuracy of students’ self-assessments.” Physical Review Special Topics — Physics Education Research 11.2 (2015): 020103; Douglas J. Hacker, et al. “Test prediction and performance in a classroom context.” Journal of Educational Psychology 92.1 (2000): 160–170.

Daniel E. Haun, et al. “Assessing the competence of specimen-processing personnel.” Laboratory Medicine 31.11 (2000): 633–637.

Joyce Ehrlinger, et al. “Why the unskilled are unaware: Further explorations of (absent) self-insight among the incompetent.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 105.1 (2008): 98–121.

David Dunning. “We are all confident idiots,” psmag.com, October 27, 2014, http://­www.psmag.com/­health-and-behavior/­confdent-idiots-92793.

Oliver J. Sheldon, David Dunning, and Daniel R. Ames. “Emotionally unskilled, unaware, and uninterested in learning more: Reactions to feedback about deficits in emotional intelligence.” Journal of Applied Psychology 99.1 (2014): 125–137.

Michael Lewis, et al. “Self development and self-conscious emotions.” Child Development (1989): 146–156.

Susan Harter. The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. Guilford Press, 1999, p. 318.

Susan Harter. The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. Guilford Press, 1999, p. 318.

Этот вывод основан на результатах наших исследований по теме самоосознания. См. также: Andreas Demetriou and Karin Bakracevic. “Reasoning and self-awareness from adolescence to middle age: Organization and development as a function of education.” Learning and Individual Differences 19.2 (2009): 181–194.

Информация для любителей статистики: мы установили, что коэффициент корреляции между возрастом и внутренним самоосознанием составляет всего 0,16, а в случае внешнего самоосознания равен 0,05.

Constantine Sedikides, et al. “Behind bars but above the bar: Prisoners consider themselves more prosocial than nonprisoners.” British Journal of Social Psychology 53.2 (2014): 396–403, p. 400.

David Dunning, et al. “Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 12.3 (2003): 83–87.

Ira Stoll. “How the experts struck out on World Series baseball,” nysun.com, October 28, 2013, http://www.nysun.com/national/how-the-experts-struck-out-on-world-series/88471/.

S. Atir, E. Rosenzweig, and D. Dunning. “When knowledge knows no bounds: self-perceived expertise predicts claims of impossible knowledge.” Psychological Science 26.8 (2015): 1295–1303.

Berndt Brehmer. “In one word: Not from experience.” Acta Psychologica 45.1 (1980): 223–241.

В своей книге на эту тему «Думай медленно… Решай быстро» (М.: АСТ, Neoclassic, 2017) Дэниел Канеман называет эти процессы «думать быстро» и «думать медленно» соответственно.

Daniel Kahneman. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan, 2011, p. 99. (Канеман Д. Думай медленно… решай быстро. М.: АСТ, 2013.

Norbert Schwarz. “Stimmung als Information: Untersuchungen zum Einflufs von Stimmungen auf die Bewertung des eigenen Lebens” [Mood as information: The influence of moods and emotions on evaluative judgments]. Psychologische Rundschau 39 (1987): 148–159.

Fritz Strack, Leonard L. Martin, and Norbert Schwarz. “Priming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction.” European Journal of Social Psychology 18.5 (1988): 429–442.

Оформить подписку можно на сайте www.TashaEurich.com.

Wilhelm Hofmann, Tobias Gschwendner, and Manfred Schmitt. “The road to the unconscious self not taken: Discrepancies between self- and observer-inferences about implicit dispositions from nonverbal behavioural cues.” European Journal of Personality 23.4 (2009): 343–366.

Chris Argyris. Teaching Smart People How to Learn. Harvard Business Review Press, 2008.

Peter F. Drucker. “Managing oneself.” Harvard Business Review 83.1 (2005): 100–109.

Justin Kruger and David Dunning. “Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.6 (1999): 1121. См. также D. Ryvkin, M. Krajč, and A. Ortmann. “Are the unskilled doomed to remain unaware?” Journal of Economic Psychology 33.5 (2012): 1012–1031.

Bob Sutton. “Great Piece on Narcissistic CEOs in The New York Times,” Work Matters blog, March 7, 2012, http://bobsutton.typepad.com/my_weblog/2012/03/great-piece-on-narcissistic-ceos-in-the-new-york-times.html.

Благодарю своих друзей Майка Геррона и Чака Блейкмена за эту мысль.

Дэниел Бурстин (1914–2006) — американский историк и публицист. Прим. ред..

Джеймс Ван Дер Бик (р. 1977) — американский актер, наиболее известный по роли Доусона Лири в сериале «Бухта Доусона». Прим. пер..

Jean M. Twenge, Emodish M. Abebe, and W. Keith Campbell. “Fitting in or standing out: Trends in American parents’ choices for children’s names, 1880–2007.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 1.1 (2010): 19–25.

Gina Jacobs. “Unique baby names not just a celebrity fad,” newscenter.sdsu.edu, May 20, 2009, http://­newscenter.sdsu.edu/­sdsu_­newscenter/­news_­story.aspx?­sid=­71319.

Roy F. Baumeister, et al. “Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4.1 (2003): 1–44.

Stanley Coopersmith. The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. Consulting Psychologists Press, 1967.

Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith Campbell. The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement. Simon and Schuster, 2009, p. 62.

Nathaniel Branden. The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem. Bantam Dell Publishing Group, 1995, p. 5, as cited in Roy F. Baumeister, Laura Smart, and Joseph M. Boden. “Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.” Psychological Review 103.1 (1996): 5.

Nathaniel Branden. “In defense of self.” Association for Humanistic Psychology (1984): 12–13, p. 12, as cited in Roy F. Baumeister, Laura Smart, and Joseph M. Boden. “Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.” Psychological Review 103.1 (1996): 5–33.

Andrew M. Mecca, Neil J. Smelser, and John Vasconcellos. The Social Importance of Self-Esteem. University of California Press, 1989, p. 105.

Andrew M. Mecca, Neil J. Smelser, and John Vasconcellos. The Social Importance of Self-Esteem. University of California Press, 1989, p. 105.

Will Storr. “The man who destroyed America’s ego,” medium.com, February 25, 2014, https://­medium.com/­matter/­the-man-who-destroyed-americas-ego-94d214257b5#.dasai1u4q.

Martin M. Chemers, Carl B. Watson, and Stephen T. May. “Dispositional affect and leadership effectiveness: A comparison of self-esteem, optimism, and efficacy.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26.3 (2000): 267–277.

Duane Buhrmester, et al. “Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55.6 (1988): 991–1008.

Julia A. Bishop and Heidi M. Inderbitzen. “Peer acceptance and friendship: An investigation of their relation to self-esteem.” Journal of Early Adolescence 15.4 (1995): 476–489.

D. R. Forsyth and N. A. Kerr. “Are adaptive illusions adaptive.” Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA (1999), cited in Baumeister et al., 1996.

Roy F. Baumeister, et al. “Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4.1 (2003): 1–44.

Roy F. Baumeister, et al. “Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4.1 (2003): 1–44.

Baumeister et al. “Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.” Psychological Review 103.1 (1996): 5–33.

Caryl E. Rusbult, Gregory D. Morrow, and Dennis J. Johnson. “Self-esteem and problem-solving behaviour in close relationships.” British Journal of Social Psychology 26.4 (1987): 293–303.

Thalma E. Lobel and Ilana Levanon. “Self-esteem, need for approval, and cheating behavior in children.” Journal of Educational Psychology 80.1 (1988): 122–123.

Meg Gerrard, et al. “Self-esteem, self-serving cognitions, and health risk behavior.” Journal of Personality 68.6 (2000): 1177–1201.

Richard Adams. “Headteacher whose praise for pupils went viral falls foul of Ofsted,” theguardian.com, September 24, 2015, http://­www.theguardian.com/­education/­2015/­sep/­24/­headteacherwhose-praise-for-pupils-went-viral-falls-foul-of-ofsted.

Zole O’Brien. “Children are never naughty, says head,” express.co.uk, June 28, 2015, http://­www.express.co.uk/­news/­uk/­587459/­Children-teachers-bad-behaviour.

Allison Pearson. “Sparing the rod has spoilt these teachers,” telegraph.co.uk, June 30, 2015, http://­www.telegraph.co.uk/­education/­primaryeducation/­11707847/­Allison-PearsonSparing-the-rod-has-spoilt-these-teachers.html.

Журналист Эллисон Пирсон рисует весьма интересную картину того, что произошло бы, если бы такая философия применялась в сфере дипломатических отношений Великобритании в период Второй мировой войны: Дорогой господин Гитлер! Вы исчерпали наше терпение. Пожалуйста, отдайте назад Польшу, или это серьезно скажется на нашем благополучии. С любовью, Британия.

Allison Pearson. “Sparing the rod has spoilt these teachers,” telegraph.co.uk, June 30, 2015, http://­www.telegraph.co.uk/­education­/primaryeducation/­11707847/­Allison-PearsonSparing-the-rod-has-spoilt-these-teachers.html.

Ключевой этап 2 — период в школьном образовании, объединяющий учебные годы с 3-го по 6-й. Прим. пер..

“Barrowford school’s KS2 ‘proud’ letter to pupils goes viral,” bbc.com, July 16, 2014, http://­www.bbc.com/­news/­ukengland-lancashire-28319907.

Jaya Narain. “Inspectors slam primary school where there’s no such thing as a naughty child and teachers are banned from raising their voices — and give it Ofsted’s lowest possible rating,” dailymail.co.uk, September 25, 2015, http://­www.dailymail.co.uk/­news/­article-3249078/­Inspectors-slam-primary-school-s-no-thing-naughty-child-teachersbanned-raising-voices-Ofsted-s-lowest-possible-rating.html.

Jaya Narain. “Inspectors slam primary school where there’s no such thing as a naughty child and teachers are banned from raising their voices — and give it Ofsted’s lowest possible rating,” dailymail.co.uk, September 25, 2015, http://­www.dailymail.co.uk/­news/­article-3249078/­Inspectors-slam-primary-school-s-no-thing-naughty-child-teachersbanned-raising-voices-Ofsted-s-lowest-possible-rating.html.

Ashley Merryman. “Losing is good for you,” nytimes.com, September 24, 2013, http://­www.nytimes.com/­2013/­09/­25/­opinion/­losing-is-good-for-you.html?_r=0.

Dilvin Yasa. “Has the self-esteem movement failed our kids,” childmags.com.au, September 22, 2014, http://­www.childmags.com.au/­family/­relationships/­6766-has-the-self-esteem­movement-failed-our-kids.

William Turvill. “School bans red ink — and tells teachers to mark in green instead (and get pupils to respond in purple),” dailymail.co.uk, March 19, 2014, http://­www.dailymail.co.uk/­news/­article-2584672/­School-bans-red-ink-tells-teachers-mark-green-inst.

Richard Lee Colvin. “Losing faith in self-esteem movement,” latimes.com, January 25, 1999, http://­articles.latimes.com/­1999/­jan/­25/­news/­mn-1505.

Frank Bruni. “Common core battles the cult of self-esteem,” dallasnews.com, December 1, 2013, http://­www.dallasnews.com/­opinion/­latest-columns/­20131201-common-core-battles-the-cult-ofself-esteem.ece.

Valerie Strauss. “Why grade inflation (even at Harvard) is a big problem,” washingtonpost.com, December 20, 2013, https://­www.washingtonpost.com/­news/­answer-sheet/­wp/­2013/­12/­20/­why-gradeinflation-even-at-harvard-is-a-big-problem/­?utm_term=.6b4ef3­d0ee6d.

В американской системе оценивания знаний оценки А и А+ соответствуют 5 баллам. Прим. ред..

Matthew Q. Clarida and Nicholas P. Fandos. “Substantiating fears of grade inflation, dean says median grade at Harvard College is A-, most common grade is A,” thecrimson.com, December 4, 2013, http://­www.thecrimson.com/­article/­2013/­12/­3/­grade-inflation-mode-a/.

Kristin Touissant. “Harvard class with A-average not worried about grade inflation,” boston.com, May 27, 2015, http://­www.boston.com/­news/­local-news/­2015/­05/­27/­harvard-class-witha-average-not-worried-about-grade-inflation.

Robert McGuire. “Grade expectations,” yalealumni­magazine.com, September/October 2013, https://­yalealumni­magazine.com/­articles/­3735.

Richard W. Robins and Jennifer S. Beer. “Positive illusions about the self: Short-term benefits and long-term costs.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80.2 (2001): 340–352.

C. Randall Colvin, Jack Block, and David C. Funder. “Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: negative implications for mental health.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68.6 (1995): 1152, 1156.

C. Randall Colvin, Jack Block, and David C. Funder. “Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: negative implications for mental health.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68.6 (1995): 1152–1162.

Keith M. Hmieleski and Robert A. Baron. “Entrepreneurs’ optimism and new venture performance: A social cognitive perspective.” Academy of Management Journal 52.3 (2009): 473–488.

Arnold C. Cooper, Carolyn Y. Woo, and William C. Dunkelberg. “Entrepreneurs’ perceived chances for success.” Journal of Business Venturing 3.2 (1988): 97–108.

Thomas Åstebro and Samir Elhedhli. “The effectiveness of simple decision heuristics: Forecasting commercial success for early-stage ventures.” Management Science 52.3 (2006): 395–409.

На протяжении всей книги цитаты единорогов самоосознания приводятся почти дословно; я внесла несколько небольших изменений, для того чтобы повысить читабельность этих цитат, не меняя при этом их смысл.

Daniel Kahneman. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan, 2011, p. 264. (Канеман Д. Думай медленно… решай быстро. — М.: АСТ, 2013.

Laura E. Buffardi and W. Keith Campbell. “Narcissism and social networking web sites.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34.10 (2008): 1303–1314.

Paul Trapnell and Lisa Sinclair. “Texting frequency and the moral shallowing hypothesis.” Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. 2012.

Jesse Fox and Margaret C. Rooney. “The Dark Triad and trait self-objectification as predictors of men’s use and self-presentation behaviors on social networking sites.” Personality and Individual Differences 76 (2015): 161–165.

Jean M. Twenge, et al. “Egos inflating over time: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.” Journal of Personality 76.4 (2008): 875–902.

Cassandra Rutledge Newsom, et al. “Changes in adolescent response patterns on the MMPI/MMPI-A across four decades.” Journal of Personality Assessment 81.1 (2003): 74–84.

William J. Chopik, Deepti H. Joshi, and Sara H. Konrath. “Historical changes in American self-interest: State of the Union addresses 1790 to 2012.” Personality and Individual Differences 66 (2014): 128–133.

Google Ngram — поисковая онлайн-система, анализирующая частотность слов и словосочетаний в книгах, опубликованных в период с 1500 по 2008 год на восьми языках.

Sonja Utz. “The function of self-disclosure on social network sites: Not only intimate, but also positive and entertaining self-disclosures increase the feeling of connection.” Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015): 1–10.

Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. O’Brien, and Courtney Hsing. “Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 15.2 (2010): 180–198.

Eric B. Weiser. “# Me: Narcissism and its facets as predictors of selfe-posting frequency.” Personality and Individual Differences 86 (2015): 477–481; Soraya Mehdizadeh. “Selfpresentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 13.4 (2010): 357–364.

E. Freeman and J. Twenge. “Using MySpace increases the endorsement of narcissistic personality traits.” Society for Personality and Social Psychology (2010).

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.

John W. Fleenor, et al. “Self — other rating agreement in leadership: A review.” The Leadership Quarterly 21.6 (2010): 1005–1034.

Robert Hogan, Robert Raskin, and Dan Fazzini. “The dark side of charisma.” Measures of Leadership (1990).

Carolyn C. Morf and Frederick Rhodewalt. “Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model.” Psychological Inquiry 12.4 (2001): 177–196.

Seth A. Rosenthal and Todd L. Pittinsky. “Narcissistic leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 17.6 (2006): 617–633.

Michael Maccoby. “Narcissistic leaders: The incredible pros, the inevitable cons.” Harvard Business Review 78.1 (2000): 68–78.

Timothy A. Judge, Jeffery A. LePine, and Bruce L. Rich. “Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self- and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 91.4 (2006): 762–776.

Arijit Chatterjee and Donald C. Hambrick. “Executive personality, capability cues, and risk taking: How narcissistic CEOs react to their successes and stumbles.” Administrative Science Quarterly 56.2 (2011): 202–237.

Charles Ham, et al. “Narcissism is a bad sign: CEO signature size, investment, and performance.” UNC Kenan-Flagler Research Paper 2013–1 (2014).

Shanyang Zhao, Sherri Grasmuck, and Jason Martin. “Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships.” Computers in Human Behavior 24.5 (2008): 1816–1836.

Trudy Hui Chua and Leanne Chang. “Follow me and like my beautiful selfes: Singapore teenage girls’ engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media.” Computers in Human Behavior 55 (2016): 190–197.

Nicole Ellison, Rebecca Heino, and Jennifer Gibbs. “Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11.2 (2006): 415–441.

David S. Lassen and Benjamin J. Toff. “Elite ideology across media: Constructing a measure of Congressional candidates’ ideological self-presentation on social media.” Unpublished manuscript (2015).

87 fewer negative words: Natalya N. Bazarova, et al. “Managing impressions and relationships on Facebook: Self-presentational and relational concerns revealed through the analysis of language style.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 32.2 (2012): 121–141.

L. Bareket-Bojmel, S. Moran, and G. Shahar G. “Strategic self-presentation on Facebook: Personal motives and audience response to online behavior. Computers in Human Behavior 55 (2016): 788–795.

Megan McCluskey. “Teen Instagram Star Speaks Out About the Ugly Truth Behind Social Media Fame.” Time.com, November 2, 2015, http://­time.com/­4096988/­teen-instagram-star-essena-oneill-quitting-social-media/.

“Essena O’Neill invites us to ‘Let’s be Game Changers,’ as she exposes the ‘fakeness’ of social media,” mybody­myimage.com, November 3, 2015, http://­www.mybody­myimage.com/­essena-oneill-invites-us-to-lets-be-game-changers-as-she-exposes-thefakeness-of-social-media.

Robin I. M. Dunbar, Anna Marriott, and Neil D. C. Duncan. “Human conversational behavior.” Human Nature 8.3 (1997): 231–246.

Mor Naaman, Jeffrey Boase, and Chih-Hui Lai. “Is it really about me?: message content in social awareness streams.” Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, 2010.

Mor Naaman, Jeffrey Boase, and Chih-Hui Lai. “Is it really about me?: message content in social awareness streams.” Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, 2010.

Канье Уэст (р. 1977) — американский рэпер, продюсер, супруг Ким Кардашьян. Прим. ред..

Andrew Anthony. “Angela Ahrendts: the woman aiming to make Apple a luxury brand,” theguardian.com, January 9, 2016, https://­www.theguardian.com/­technology/­2016/­jan/­10/­profile-angelaahrendts-apple-executive-luxury-brand.

Jennifer Reingold. “What the heck is Angela Ahrendts doing at Apple?” fortune.com, September 10, 2015, http://­fortune.com/­2015/­09/­10/­angela-ahrendts-apple/.

Tim Hardwick. “Angela Ahrendts says she views Apple Store staff as ‘executives,’” macrumors.com, January 28, 2016, http://­www.macrumors.com/­2016/­01/­28/­angela-ahrendts-applestore-staff-executives/.

Jennifer Reingold. “What the heck is Angela Ahrendts doing at Apple?” fortune.com, September 10, 2015, http://­fortune.com/­2015/­09/­10/­angela-ahrendts-apple/.

“Apple reports record fourth quarter results,” apple.com, October 27, 2015, http://­www.apple.com/­pr/­library/­2015/­10/­27Apple-Reports-Record-Fourth-Quarter-Results.html.

AppleInsider staff. “Angela Ahrendts treats Apple Store employees like execs, retained 81 % of workforce in 2015,” appleinsider.com, January 28, 2016, http://­appleinsider.com/­articles/­16/­01/­28/­angela-ahrendts-treats-apple-store-employees-likeexecs-retained-81-of-workforce-in-2015.

Bradley P. Owens, Michael D. Johnson, and Terence R. Mitchell. “Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership.” Organization Science 24.5 (2013): 1517–1538.

R. A. Emmons. The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns: Motivation and Spirituality in Personality. Guilford Press, 1999, p. 33, as cited in June Price Tangney. “Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research.” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19.1 (2000): 70–82.

Kristin D. Neff and Roos Vonk. “Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself.” Journal of Personality 77.1 (2009): 23–50.

Neff, Kristin D., Kristin L. Kirkpatrick, and Stephanie S. Rude. “Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning.” Journal of Research in Personality 41.1 (2007): 139–154.

Neff, Kristin D., Kristin L. Kirkpatrick, and Stephanie S. Rude. “Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning.” Journal of Research in Personality 41.1 (2007): 139–154.

Steven G. Rogelberg, et al. “The executive mind: leader self-talk, effectiveness and strain.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 28.2 (2013): 183–201.

Если вы заинтересованы в изучении других методов повышения уровня самопринятия, настоятельно рекомендую вам посетить сайт Кристин Нефф: http://self-compassion.org/category/exercises/.

George Washington. Washington’s Farewell Address [1796]. First National Bank of Miami.

Rick Harrington and Donald A. Loffredo. “Insight, rumination, and self-reflection as predictors of well-being.” Journal of Psychology 145.1 (2010): 39–57.

Anthony M. Grant, John Franklin, and Peter Langford. “The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 30.8 (2002): 821–835.

Paul J. Silvia and Ann G. Phillips. “Evaluating self-reflection and insight as self-conscious traits.” Personality and Individual Differences 50.2 (2011): 234–237.

Anthony M. Grant, John Franklin, and Peter Langford. “The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 30.8 (2002): 821–835, p. 824.

J. Gregory Hixon and William B. Swann. “When does introspection bear fruit? Self-reflection, self-insight, and interpersonal choices.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64.1 (1993): 35–43.

David Premack and Guy Woodruff. “Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1.04 (1978): 515–526.

Heidi E. Harley. “Consciousness in dolphins? A review of recent evidence.” Journal of Comparative Physiology A 199.6 (2013): 565–582.

Joshua M. Plotnik, Frans B. M. De Waal, and Diana Reiss. “Self-recognition in an Asian elephant.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.45 (2006): 17053–17057.

Robert Epstein, Robert P. Lanza, and Burrhus Frederic Skinner. “Self-awareness in the pigeon.” Science 212.4495 (1981): 695–696.

Я использую термин «самонаблюдение» как синоним терминов «рефлексия» и «самоанализ».

Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, Angela McBride, and Judith Larson. “Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72.4 (1997): 855–862.

Julie J. Park and Melissa L. Millora. “The relevance of reflection: An empirical examination of the role of reflection in ethic of caring, leadership, and psychological well-being.” Journal of College Student Development 53.2 (2012): 221–242.

Anthony M. Grant, John Franklin, and Peter Langford. “The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 30.8 (2002): 821–835.

John B. Nezlek. “Day-to-day relationships between self-awareness, daily events, and anxiety.” Journal of Personality 70.2 (2002): 249–276.

Daniel Stein and Anthony M. Grant. “Disentangling the relationships among self-reflection, insight, and subjective well-being: The role of dysfunctional attitudes and core self-evaluations.” Journal of Psychology 148.5 (2014): 505–522.

Хочу поблагодарить клинического психолога, который поделился со мной этим примером. Я не называю имени этого психолога, для того чтобы сохранить конфиденциальность его пациента.

Timothy. D. Wilson, Strangers to Ourselves. Harvard University Press, 2004.

Tarthang Tulku. Skillful Means. Dharma Publishing, 1978, pp. 102–103. (Тулку Т. Мастерские средства: Благородные пути к успешной работе. Ум открытости. М.: Единство, 1994.

Sigmund Freud. An Outline of PsychoAnalysis. W. W. Norton, 1949.

Timothy D. Wilson and Elizabeth W. Dunn. “Self-knowledge: Its limits, value, and potential for improvement.” Psychology 55 (2004): 493–518.

Todd Dufresne. “Psychoanalysis is dead… so how does that make you feel?” latimes.com, February 18, 2004, http://­articles.latimes.com/­2004/­feb/­18/­opinion/oe-dufresne18.

Adopf Grünbaum. “Précis of the foundations of psychoanalysis: A philosophical critique.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (1986): 217–284.

Daniel Goleman. “As a therapist, Freud fell short, scholars find,” nytimes.com, March 6, 1990, http://­www.nytimes.com/­1990/­03/­06/­science/as-a-therapist-freud-fell-short-scholarsfnd.html?pagewanted=all.

Todd Dufresne. “Psychoanalysis is dead… so how does that make you feel?” latimes.com, February 18, 2004, http://­articles.latimes.com/­2004/­feb/­18/­opinion/oe-dufresne18.

По правде говоря, психоанализ получил дальнейшее развитие: многие подходы XXI столетия направлены на то, чтобы сформировать у клиентов всеобъемлющее представление о себе вместо попыток открыть дверь запертого подвала. На самом деле это очень напоминает подход под названием «жизненная история», о котором идет речь в главе 6.

Timothy D. Wilson. Strangers to Ourselves. Harvard University Press, 2004.

Здесь важно отметить, что в моем понимании психотерапия не включает практику коучинга лидеров и руководителей, которая связана скорее с применением подхода, ориентированного на поиск решений (мы поговорим о нем в главе 6).

Bruce E. Wampold, et al. “A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: Empirically, all must have prizes.” Psychological Bulletin 122.3 (1997): 203–215.

Jennifer A. Lyke. “Insight, but not self-reflection, is related to subjective well-being.” Personality and Individual Differences 46.1 (2009): 66–70.

При условии, что вы обращаетесь за помощью в решении проблем повседневной жизни и для общего осмысления, а не за помощью в решении более серьезных проблем, таких как насилие, депрессия, тревога и т. п.

Omer Faruk Simsek. “Self-absorption paradox is not a paradox: illuminating the dark side of self-reflection.” International Journal of Psychology 48.6 (2013): 1109–1121.

Руминация — в психиатрии навязчивый тип мышления, при котором одни и те же темы или мысли постоянно возникают в голове человека, вытесняя все другие виды психической активности. Прим. ред..

Zoë Chance and Michael I. Norton. “I read Playboy for the articles.” The Interplay of Truth and Deception: New Agendas in Theory and Research 136 (2009).

Michael I. Norton, Joseph A. Vandello, and John M. Darley. “Casuistry and social category bias.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87.6 (2004): 817–831.

Donald G. Dutton and Arthur P. Aron. “Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30.4 (1974): 510–517.

Еще один замечательный пример этого феномена можно найти в недавнем увлекательном исследовании: Mitesh Kataria and Tobias Regner. “Honestly, why are you donating money to charity? An experimental study about self-awareness in status-seeking behavior.” Theory and Decision 79.3 (2015): 493–515.

Timothy D. Wilson, et al. “Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 22 (1989): 287–343.

Timothy D. Wilson, et al. “Effects of analyzing reasons on attitude-behavior consistency.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47.1 (1984):1–5.

Эффект новизны — психологический феномен, который проявляется в том, что при восприятии человека человеком по отношению к знакомой персоне наиболее значимой и запоминающейся оказывается последняя новая информация о ней, тогда как по отношению к незнакомой персоне наиболее значима впервые появившаяся информация, создающая первое впечатление о человеке. Прим. ред..

Jamin Brett Halberstadt and Gary M. Levine. “Effects of reasons analysis on the accuracy of predicting basketball games.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29.3 (1999): 517–530.

Timothy Wilson et al. “Introspecting about reasons can reduce post-choice satisfaction.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19.3 (1993): 331–39.

Ethan Kross, Ozlem Ayduk, and Walter Mischel. “When asking ‘why’ does not hurt distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions.” Psychological Science 16.9 (2005): 709–715.

E. D. Watkins. “Adaptive and maladaptive ruminative self-focus during emotional processing.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 42.9 (2004): 1037–1052.

J. Gregory Hixon and William B. Swann. “When does introspection bear fruit? Self-reflection, self-insight, and interpersonal choices.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64.1 (1993): 35–43.

J. Gregory Hixon and William B. Swann. “When does introspection bear fruit? Self-reflection, self-insight, and interpersonal choices.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64.1 (1993): 35–43.

Timothy D. Wilson, et al. “Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 22 (1989): 287–343.

R. H. M. Elwes. The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, 1887, p. 248.

Matthew D. Lieberman, et al. “Putting feelings into words affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli.” Psychological Science 18.5 (2007): 421–428.

Издана на русском языке: Коллинз Дж.Как гибнут великие, и почему некоторые компании никогда не сдаются. — М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2012.

James C. Collins. How the Mighty Fall: And Why Some Companies Never Give In. Jim Collins, 2009. (Коллинз Дж. Как гибнут великие и почему некоторые компании никогда не сдаются. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2012.

Clare Ansberry. “The power of daily writing in a journal,” wsj.com, January 26, 2016, http://­www.wsj.com/­articles/­the-power-of-daily-writing-in-a-journal-1453837329.

Anthony M. Grant, John Franklin, and Peter Langford. “The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 30.8 (2002): 821–835.

James W Pennebaker. “Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process.” Psychological Science 8.3 (1997): 162–166.

Brian A. Esterling, et al. “Empirical foundations for writing in prevention and psychotherapy: Mental and physical health outcomes.” Clinical Psychology Review 19.1 (1999): 79–96.

James W. Pennebaker, Janice K. KiecoltGlaser, and Ronald Glaser. “Disclosure of traumas and immune function: health implications for psychotherapy.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56.2 (1988): 239–245.

Crystal L. Park and Carol Joyce Blumberg. “Disclosing trauma through writing: Testing the meaning-making hypothesis.” Cognitive Therapy and Research 26.5 (2002): 597–616.

Kitty Klein and Adriel Boals. “Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 130.3 (2001): 520–533.

James W. Pennebaker and Martha E. Francis. “Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure.” Cognition & Emotion 10.6 (1996): 601–626.

Martha E. Francis and James W. Pennebaker. “Putting stress into words: The impact of writing on physiological, absentee, and self-reported emotional well-being measures.” American Journal of Health Promotion 6.4 (1992): 280–287.

Stefanie P. Spera, Eric D. Buhrfeind, and James W. Pennebaker. “Expressive writing and coping with job loss.” Academy of Management Journal 37.3 (1994): 72-733.

V. B. Scott, et al. “Emotive writing moderates the relationship between mood awareness and athletic performance in collegiate tennis players.” North American Journal of Psychology 5.2 (2003): 311–324.

James W. Pennebaker, Janice K. KiecoltGlaser, and Ronald Glaser. “Disclosure of traumas and immune function: health implications for psychotherapy.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56.2 (1988): 239–245.

114 showed less personal growth: Sonja Lyubomirsky, Lorie Sousa, and Rene Dickerhoof. “The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life’s triumphs and defeats.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90.4 (2006): 692–708.

G. K. Chesterton. Heretics. Butler and Tanner, 1905, p. 103. (Честертон Г. Еретики. М.: Амфора, 2008.

Bridget Murray. “Writing to heal,” apa.org, June 2002, http://­www.apa.org/­monitor/­jun02/­writing.aspx.

Clare Ansberry. “The power of daily writing in a journal,” wsj.com, January 26, 2016, http://­www.wsj.com/­articles/­the-power-of-daily-writing-in-a-journal-1453837329.

Если при осмыслении негативных событий автор употребляет каузальные, связанные с инсайтом слова, такие как «делать выводы», «рассуждать логически», «понимать» и «осознавать», ведение дневника начинает приносить гораздо больше пользы. James W. Pennebaker. “Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process.” Psychological Science 8.3 (1997): 162–66; James W. Pennebaker, Tracy J. Mayne, and Martha E. Francis. “Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72.4 (1997): 863–871.

James W. Pennebaker and Sandra K. Beall. “Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95.3 (1986): 274–281.

Christopher D. B. Burt. “An analysis of a self-initiated coping behavior: Diary-keeping.” Child Study Journal 24.3 (1994): 171–189.

James W. Pennebaker. “Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process.” Psychological Science 8.3 (1997): 162–166.

Jordan Gaines Lewis, Ph.D. “Turning Trauma into Story: The Benefts of Journaling,” psychologytoday.com, August 17, 2012, https://­www.psychologytoday.com/­blog/­brain-babble/­201208/­turning-trauma-story-the-benefts-journaling.

По мнению большинства исследователей, руминация отличается от беспокойства: руминация сосредоточена главным образом на событиях прошлого и настоящего, а беспокойство — на страхах по поводу будущего.

В момент рефлексии мозг работает в пассивном режиме. Недавно профессор Стэнфордского университета Дж. Пол Гамильтон обнаружил, что при руминации активируется та область головного мозга, которая, помимо всего прочего, отвечает за восприятие чувства печали — субгенуальная область префронтальной коры. Тот факт, что во время руминации активируются эти две области головного мозга, помогает объяснить, почему руминация часто маскируется под самонаблюдение, а также как она блокирует способность нашего мозга обрести инсайт. J. Paul Hamilton et al. “Depressive rumination, the default-mode network, and the dark matter of clinical neuroscience.” Biological Psychiatry 78.4 (2015): 224–230. Хотя это достаточно громоздкая формулировка, почувствовав, что вы зациклились на какой-то мысли, скажите себе: «Моя субгенуальная префронтальная кора снова выводит меня из равновесия и мешает мне обрести инсайт!».

T. Pyszczynski and J. Greenberg. “Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression.” Psychological Bulletin 102.1 (1987): 122–138. См. также Ann G. Phillips and Paul J. Silvia. “Self-awareness and the emotional consequences of self-discrepancies.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31.5 (2005): 703–713.

V. B. Scott and William D. McIntosh. “The development of a trait measure of ruminative thought.” Personality and Individual Differences 26.6 (1999): 1045–1056.

Sonja Lyubomirsky, et al. “Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.5 (1999): 1041–1060.

Nilly Mor and Jennifer Winquist. “Self-focused attention and negative affect: a meta-analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 128.4 (2002): 638–662.

Jacob A. Nota and Meredith E. Coles. “Duration and timing of sleep are associated with repetitive negative thinking.” Cognitive Therapy and Research 39 (2015): 253–261.

T. Pyszczynski and J. Greenberg. “Self-regulatory perseveration and the depressive self-focusing style: A self-awareness theory of reactive depression.” Psychological Bulletin 102.1 (1987): 122–138.

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Луис Ламур (1908–1988) — американский писатель, автор приключенческих романов в стиле вестерн. Прим. ред..

Cara Feinberg. “The mindfulness chronicles,” harvard­magazine.com, September/October 2010, http://­harvard­magazine.com/­2010/­09/­the-mindfulness-chronicles.

Cara Feinberg. “The mindfulness chronicles,” harvard­magazine.com, September/October 2010, http://­harvard­magazine.com/­2010/­09/­the-mindfulness-chronicles.

Cara Feinberg. “The mindfulness chronicles,” harvard­magazine.com, September/October 2010, http://­harvard­magazine.com/­2010/­09/­the-mindfulness-chronicles.

Cara Feinberg. “The mindfulness chronicles,” harvard­magazine.com, September/October 2010, http://­harvard­magazine.com/­2010/­09/­the-mindfulness-chronicles.

Следует отметить, что участники исследования были в равной мере недовольны независимо от возраста, образования, дохода или использования социальных медиа.

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“What Gisele Bundchen, Ellen DeGeneres & other celebrities say about meditation,” choosemuse.com, http://­www.choosemuse.com/­blog/­9-top-celebrity-meditation-quotes/.

David Hochman. “Mindfulness: Getting its share of attention,” nytimes.com, November 3, 2013, http://­www.nytimes.com/­2013/­11/­03/­fashion/­mindfulness-and-meditation-are-capturingattention.html.130 McKinsey: David Gelles. “The hidden price of mindfulness inc.,”nytimes.com, March 19, 2016, http://­www.nytimes.com/­2016/­03/­20/­opinion/­sunday/­the-hidden-price-of-mindfulness-inc.html?_r=2.

David Hochman. “Mindfulness: Getting its share of attention,” nytimes.com, November 3, 2013, http://­www.nytimes.com/­2013/­11/­03/­fashion­/mindfulness-and-meditationare-capturing-attention.html?_r=0.

Lauren Cassani Davis. “When mindfulness meets the classroom,” theatlantic.com, August 31, 2015, http://­www.theatlantic.com/­education/­archive/­2015/­08/­mindfulnesseducation-schools-meditation/­402469/.

Associated Press. “U.S. Marine Corps members learn mindfulness meditation and yoga in pilot program to help reduce stress,” January 23, 2013, http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/u-s-marines-learn-meditate-stress-reductionprogram-article-1.1245698.

David Gelles. “The hidden price of mindfulness inc.,” nytimes.com, March 19, 2016, http://­www.nytimes.com/­2016/­03/­20/­opinion/­sunday/­the-hidden-price-of-mindfulness-inc.html?_r=2.

CashStar, Inc. “More than 38 million* online Americans shopped while on the toilet,” prnewswire.com, November 19, 2012, http://­www.prnewswire.com/­news-releases/­more-than-38-million-online-americans-shopped-while-on-the-toilet-179955401.html.

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Paul Grossman, et al. “Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57.1 (2004): 35–43.

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Kirk Warren Brown and Richard M. Ryan. “The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84.4 (2003): 822–848.

Leslie C. Burpee and Ellen J. Langer. “Mindfulness and marital satisfaction.” Journal of Adult Development 12.1 (2005): 43–51.

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Whitney L. Heppner, et al. “Mindfulness as a means of reducing aggressive behavior: Dispositional and situational evidence.” Aggressive Behavior 34.5 (2008): 486–496.

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Eric B. Loucks, et al. “Associations of dispositional mindfulness with obesity and central adiposity: The New England Family Study.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 23.2 (2016): 224–233.

Chen Hemo and Lilac Lev-Ari. “Focus on your breathing: Does meditation help lower rumination and depressive symptoms?” International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 15.3 (2015): 349–359.

Richard Chambers, Barbara Chuen Yee Lo, and Nicholas B. Allen. “The impact of intensive mindfulness training on attentional control, cognitive style, and affect.” Cognitive Therapy and Research 32.3 (2008): 303–322.

Kelly C. Richards, C. Estelle Campenni, and Janet L. Muse-Burke. “Self-care and well-being in mental health professionals: The mediating effects of self-awareness and mindfulness.” Journal of Mental Health Counseling 32.3 (2010): 247–264.

Yadollah Ghasemipour, Julie Ann Robinson, and Nima Ghorbani. “Mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge: Relationships with health-related variables.” International Journal of Psychology 48.6 (2013): 1030–1037.

Из личного общения.

Международная благотворительная организация, которая совместно с правительствами разных стран и общинами работает над сохранением экологии земли и водных ресурсов. Штаб-квартира находится в Арлингтоне, штат Вирджиния, США. Прим. ред..

Shannon M. Erisman and Lizabeth Roemer. “A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness on emotional responding to film clips.” Emotion 10.1 (2010): 72–82.

Whitney L. Heppner, et al. “Mindfulness as a means of reducing aggressive behavior: Dispositional and situational evidence.” Aggressive Behavior 34.5 (2008): 486–496.

Если вам интересно, как это происходило, то участникам говорили: «Представьте себе, что вы никогда раньше не видели изюм… затем осторожно проведите изюминой по губам, обращая внимание на то, какие ощущения это у вас вызывает. Теперь положите ее в рот и медленно подержите на языке… откусите небольшой кусочек… начните медленно пережевывать ее…» и т. д.

J. David Creswell, et al. “Alterations in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Link Mindfulness Meditation with Reduced Interleukin-6: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Biological Psychiatry (2016).

Ellen Langer. “The third metric for success,” ellenlanger.com, 2009, http://­www.ellenlanger.com/­blog/­171/­thethird-metric-for-success.

Хочу поблагодарить своего невероятного научного ассистента Лорен Троник за то, что она обнаружила эту интересную тенденцию на основании имеющихся данных.

William Ury. Getting Past No: Negotiating with Difficult People. Bantam Books, 1992. (Юри У. Как преодолеть НЕТ. Переговоры в трудных ситуациях. М.: Альпина Бизнес Букс, 2012.

Роман французского писателя Гюстава Флобера. Прим. ред..

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Giada Di Stefano, et al. “Learning by thinking: Overcoming the bias for action through reflection.” Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper 14-093 (2015): 14–093.

Giada Di Stefano, et al. “Learning by thinking: Overcoming the bias for action through reflection.” Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper 14-093 (2015): 14–093.

Человек, глубоко погруженный в умственную деятельность, что наносит ущерб его социальной жизни. Прим. ред..

Timothy D. Wilson. Strangers to Ourselves. Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 16.

Примечание. Я немного адаптировала этот текст, с тем чтобы он больше соответствовал целям самоосознания. Dan P. McAdams, et al. “Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthood.” Journal of Personality 74.5 (2006): 1371–1400.

Примечание. Я немного адаптировала этот текст, с тем чтобы он больше соответствовал целям самоосознания. Dan P. McAdams, et al. “Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthood.” Journal of Personality 74.5 (2006): 1371–1400.

Jennifer L. Pals. “Authoring a second chance in life: Emotion and transformational processing within narrative identity.” Research in Human Development 3.2–3 (2006): 101–120.

Макадамс и его коллеги обозначают это терминами «субъектность» и «общность» соответственно.

Timothy D. Wilson and Patricia W. Linville. “Improving the academic performance of college freshmen: Attribution therapy revisited.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42.2 (1982): 367–376.

Dan P. McAdams. “The redemptive self: Generativity and the stories Americans live by.” Research in Human Development 3.2–3 (2006): 81–100, p. 90.

Dan P. McAdams, et al. “When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27.4 (2001): 474–485.

Anthony M. Grant. “The impact of life coaching on goal attainment, metacognition and mental health.” Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 31.3 (2003): 253–263.

L. S. Green, L. G. Oades, and A. M. Grant. “Cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused life coaching: Enhancing goal striving, well-being, and hope.” Journal of Positive Psychology 1.3 (2006): 142–149.

Edward R. Watkins, Celine B. Baeyens, and Rebecca Read. “Concreteness training reduces dysphoria: proof-of-principle for repeated cognitive bias modification in depression.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118.1 (2009): 55–64.

Steve De Shazer. Clues: Investigating Solutions in Brief Therapy. W. W. Norton & Co, 1988.

Jacqueline Corcoran and Vijayan Pillai. “A review of the research on solution-focused therapy.” British Journal of Social Work 39.2 (2009): 234–242.

Wallace J. Gingerich and Sheri Eisengart. “Solution-focused brief therapy: A review of the outcome research.” Family Process 39.4 (2000): 477–498.

Jacqueline Corcoran and Vijayan Pillai. “A review of the research on solution-focused therapy.” British Journal of Social Work 39.2 (2009): 234–242.

Wei Zhang, et al. “Brief report: Effects of solution-focused brief therapy group-work on promoting posttraumatic growth of mothers who have a child with ASD.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44.8 (2014): 2052–2056.

Издана на русском языке: Хиз Ч., Хиз Д.Сердце перемен. Как добиваться изменений легко и надолго. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2015.

Robert J. Bell, Christopher H. Skinner, and Leslee A. Fisher. “Decreasing putting yips in accomplished golfers via solution-focused guided imagery: A single-subject research design.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 21.1 (2009): 1–14.

Jack J. Bauer and Dan P. McAdams. “Eudaimonic growth: Narrative growth goals predict increases in ego development and subjective well-being 3 years later.” Developmental Psychology 46.4 (2010): 761–772.

Если вы относитесь к числу поклонников телесериала «24 часа», вам будет интересно узнать, что первым автором этого исследования был Джек Бауэр.

Уокер Перси (1916–1990) — американский писатель, киносценарист. Прим. ред..

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Simine Vazire and Erika N. Carlson. “Others sometimes know us better than we know ourselves.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20.2 (2011): 104–108. Simine Vazire and Matthias R. Mehl. “Knowing me, knowing you: The accuracy and unique predictive validity of self-ratings and other-ratings of daily behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95.5 (2008): 1202–1216.

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В оригинале MUM-эффект, сокращение от mum about undesirable messages. Прим. пер..

Herbert H. Blumberg. “Communication of interpersonal evaluations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 23.2 (1972): 157–162.

Charles F. Bond and Evan L. Anderson. “The reluctance to transmit bad news: Private discomfort or public display?” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 23.2 (1987): 176–187.

Kipling D. Williams, Christopher K. T. Cheung, and Wilma Choi. “Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79.5 (2000): 748–762.

Безусловно, принадлежность к числу интровертов не делает автоматически человека плохим оратором; дело скорее в том, что для некоторых интровертов публичные выступления могут стать особенно трудным испытанием.

Bella M. DePaulo and Kathy L. Bell. “Truth and investment: Lies are told to those who care.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71.4 (1996): 703–716.

Bernard M. Bass and Francis J. Yammarino. “Congruence of self and others’ leadership ratings of naval officers for understanding successful performance.” Applied Psychology 40.4 (1991): 437–454; Mike Young and Victor Dulewicz. “Relationships between emotional and congruent self-awareness and performance in the British Royal Navy.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 22.5 (2007): 465–478.

J. P. Flaum. “When it comes to business leadership, nice guys finish first,” greenpeakpartners.com, http://greenpeakpartners.com/resources/pdf/6%208%2010%20Executive%20study%20GP%20commentary%20article_Final.pdf.

Fabio Sala. “Executive Blind Spots: Discrepancies Between Self-and Other-Ratings.” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 55.4 (2003): 222–229.

John A. Byrne, William C. Symonds, and Julia Flynn Silver. “CEO disease.” The Training and Development Sourcebook 263 (1994).

Richard Whittington. What Is Strategy — And Does It Matter? Cengage Learning EMEA, 2001.

William Engdahl. “Who is Pehr Gyllenhammar, and what are the Aspen-Skandia networks?” larouchepub.com, August 31, 1982, http://­www.larouchepub.com/­eiw/­public/­1982/­eirv09n33-19820831/­eirv09n33-19820831_­043-who_­is_­pehr_­gyllenhammar_­and_­wha.pdf.

“Volvo cars and Volvo museum exhibited Pehr G Gyllenhammar’s cars,” volvo.cars.com, April 15, 2014, http://www.volvocars.com/international/about/our-company/heritage/heritagenews/volvo-cars-and-volvo-museum-exhibited-pehr-g-gyllenhammarscars.

Robert F. Bruner. “An analysis of value destruction and recovery in the alliance and proposed merger of Volvo and Renault.” Journal of Financial Economics 51.1 (1999): 125–166.

Paula Dwyer. “Why Volvo kissed Renault goodbye,” Business Week, December 19, 1993, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1993-12-19/why-volvo-kissed-renault-goodbye.

Paula Dwyer. “Why Volvo kissed Renault goodbye,” Business Week, December 19, 1993, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1993-12-19/why-volvo-kissed-renault-goodbye.

Paula Dwyer. “Why Volvo kissed Renault goodbye,” Business Week, December 19, 1993, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1993-12-19/why-volvo-kissed-renault-goodbye.

Robert F. Bruner. “An analysis of value destruction and recovery in the alliance and proposed merger of Volvo and Renault.” Journal of Financial Economics 51.1 (1999): 125–166.

Высокоэффективные руководители составляли верхние 10 процентов, а руководители с низким уровнем эффективности — нижние 10 процентов. Joseph Folkman. “Top ranked leaders know this secret: ask for feedback,” forbes.com, January 8, 2015, http://­www.forbes.com/­sites/­joefolkman/­2015/­01/­08/­top-ranked-leaders-know-this-secret-ask-forfeedback/#b958b9e608fe.

Susan J. Ashford and Anne S. Tsui. “Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking.” Academy of Management Journal 34.2 (1991): 251–280.

David W. Bracken, et al. Should 360-Degree Feedback Be Used Only for Developmental Purposes? Center for Creative Leadership, 1997.

David W. Bracken, Carol W. Timmreck, and Allan H. Church, eds. The Handbook of Multisource Feedback. John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

Mark Robert Edwards and Ann J. Ewen. 360 — Feedback: The Powerful New Model for Employee Assessment & Performance Improvement. AMACOM, 1996.

Jesse Pappas and J. Madison. “Multisource feedback for STEM students improves academic performance.” Annual Conference Proceedings of American Society of Engineering Education. 2013.

Arthur Morgan, Kath Cannan, and Joanne Cullinane. “360 feedback: a critical enquiry.” Personnel Review 34.6 (2005): 663–680.

Arthur Morgan, Kath Cannan, and Joanne Cullinane. “360 feedback: a critical enquiry.” Personnel Review 34.6 (2005): 663–680.

Издана на русском языке: Гладуэлл М. Озарение. Сила мгновенных решений. — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2010.

Информация для тех, кто не знаком с этой моделью: вы узнаете, что вам следует делать из того, что вы еще не делаете; что следует прекратить делать из того, что не приносит вам пользы; а также что следует продолжать делать, чтобы добиться успеха.

Однако, выпив больше, чем следует, вы рискуете оказаться в ситуации с переворачиванием столов в духе телешоу «Настоящие домохозяйки из Нью-Джерси».

Персонаж, придуманный американским комиком Элом Франкеном, в образе которого он выступа на шоу Saturday Night Live, помогающий закомплексованным людям. Прим. ред..

Hank Rothgerber and Katie Wolsiefer. “A naturalistic study of stereotype threat in young female chess players.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17.1 (2014): 79–90.

Этот эффект наблюдался только в тех случаях, когда девочки играли против мальчиков со средним или высоким уровнем мастерства, в отличие от соперников с низким уровнем мастерства.

Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson. “Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69.5 (1995): 797–811.

Thomas S. Dee. “Stereotype threat and the student-athlete.” Economic Inquiry 52.1 (2014): 173–182.

National Science Report, 2000, as cited in Joyce Ehrlinger and David Dunning. “How chronic self-views influence (and potentially mislead) estimates of performance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84.1 (2003): 5.

Издана на русском языке: Сэндберг Ш. Не бойся действовать. Женщина, работа и воля к лидерству. — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2017.

Joyce Ehrlinger and David Dunning. “How chronic self-views influence (and potentially mislead) estimates of performance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84.1 (2003): 5–17.

Daniel T. Gilbert, et al. “Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75.3 (1998): 617–638.

Geoffrey L. Cohen, et al. “Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention.” Science 313.5791 (2006): 1307–1310.

J. David Creswell, et al. “Does self-affirmation, cognitive processing, or discovery of meaning explain cancer-related health benefits of expressive writing?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33.2 (2007): 238–250, p. 242.

В ходе одного исследования пациенты с диагнозом «рак груди I и II стадии», которые выполнили упражнение на самоутверждение, через три месяца лучше справлялись со стрессом (и у них даже меньше проявлялись физические симптомы болезни) по сравнению с пациентами, не выполнявшими упражнение.

Clayton R. Critcher and David Dunning. “Self-affirmations provide a broader perspective on self-threat.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41.1 (2015): 3–18.

Brandon J. Schmeichel and Andy Martens. “Self-affirmation and mortality salience: Affirming values reduces worldview defense and death-thought accessibility.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31.5 (2005): 658–667.

David K. Sherman and Geoffrey L. Cohen. “The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2006): 183–242.

Matthew Vess, et al. “Nostalgia as a resource for the self.” Self and Identity 11.3 (2012): 273–284.

Sander L. Koole, et al. “The cessation of rumination through self-affirmation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.1 (1999): 111–125.

Fred B. Bryant, Colette M. Smart, and Scott P. King. “Using the past to enhance the present: Boosting happiness through positive reminiscence.” Journal of Happiness Studies 6.3 (2005): 227–260.

Clayton R. Critcher, David Dunning, and David A. Armor. “When self-affirmations reduce defensiveness: Timing is key.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 36.7 (2010): 947–959.

Sarah Miller Caldicott. “Why Ford’s Alan Mulally is an innovation CEO for the record books,” forbes.com, June 25, 2014, http://­www.forbes.com/­sites/­sarahcaldicott/­2014/­06/­25/­why-fordsalan-mulally-is-an-innovation-ceo-for-the-record-books/­#c35aeec779bb.

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3.

Один из членов совета директоров назвал эту короткую, но вдохновенную речь самым трогательным выступлением, которое он когда-либо слышал в зале заседаний совета.

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3, p. 56.

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3, p. 106.

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. .

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 3, p. 124.

Susan M. Carter and Michael A. West. “Reflexivity, effectiveness, and mental health in BBC-TV production teams.” Small Group Research 29.5 (1998): 583–601; Michaéla C. Schippers, Deanne N. Den Hartog, and Paul L. Koopman. “Reflexivity in teams: A measure and correlates.” Applied Psychology 56.2 (2007): 189–211.

Susan J. Ashford and Anne S. Tsui. “Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking.” Academy of Management Journal 34.2 (1991): 251–280.

Remus Ilies, Frederick P. Morgeson, and Jennifer D. Nahrgang. “Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader-follower outcomes.” The Leadership Quarterly 16.3 (2005): 373–394; Fred O. Walumbwa, et al. “Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure.” Journal of Management 34.1 (2008): 89–126.

Joanne Lyubovnikova, et al. “How authentic leadership influences team performance: The mediating role of team reflexivity.” Journal of Business Ethics (2015): 1–12.

Heather K. Warren and Cynthia A. Stifter. “Maternal emotion-related socialization and preschoolers’ developing emotion self-awareness.” Social Development 17.2 (2008): 239–258.

Albert Bandura and Richard H. Walters. “Social learning theory.” General Learning Press, 1997. (Бандура А. Теория социального научения. СПб.: Евразия, 2000.

Здесь перечислены ожидаемые нормы поведения и культура: люди в первую очередь; все вовлечены в процесс; убедительное видение, всеобъемлющая стратегия и неуклонная ее реализация; четкие целевые показатели эффективности; один план; факты и данные; все знают план, текущее положение дел в области, требующих особого внимания; предложить план; позитивная установка «найти способ»; уважать, выслушивать и быть признательными друг другу; эмоциональная устойчивость… доверие к процессу; весело проводить время; получать удовольствие от этого путешествия и друг от друга.

Cathy Olofson. “GE brings good managers to life,” fastcompany.com, September 30, 1998, http://­www.fastcompany.com/­35516/­ge-brings-good-managers-life.

Steven V. Manderscheid and Alexandre Ardichvili. “New leader assimilation: Process and outcomes.” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 29.8 (2008): 661–677.

Amy C. Edmondson. “Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32.1 (1996): 5–28.

Средний пациент, получающий от 10 до 20 доз лекарственных препаратов каждый день при средней продолжительности пребывания в больнице 4,8 дня. Amy C. Edmondson. “Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32.1 (1996): 5–28.

“Medication error reports,” fda.gov, October 20, 2016, http://­www.fda.gov/­Drugs/­DrugSafety/­Medication­Errors/­ucm080629.htm.

Amy Edmondson. “Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44.2 (1999): 350–383.

Charles Duhigg. “What Google learned from its quest to build the perfect team,” nytimes.com, February 28, 2016, http://­www.nytimes.com/­2016/­02/­28/­magazine/­what-google-learnedfrom-its-quest-to-build-the-perfect-team.html?_r=0.

Издана на русском языке: Браун Б. Великие дерзания. М.: Азбука, Азбука-Аттикус, 2014.

Vanessa Urch Druskat and D. Christopher Kayes. “The antecedents of team competence: Toward a fine-grained model of self-managing team effectiveness.” Research on Managing Groups and Teams 2.2 (1999): 201–231.

Издана на русском языке: Кэтмелл Э, Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.

Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.

Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 4.

Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 283.

Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 292.

Edwin E. Catmull and Amy Wallace. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House, 2014. Print, xvi. (Кэтмелл Э., Уоллес Э. Корпорация гениев. Как управлять командой творческих людей. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015.), p. 293.

Ed Catmull. Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. Random House, 2014, p. 277.

Далио сформулировал свое кредо в виде документа на 123 страницы, который содержит 201 его самый твердый принцип жизни и управления. Новые сотрудники обязаны ознакомиться с этим фолиантом; кроме того, Далио часто использует его в качестве основы для ночных домашних заданий, которые должны выполнять сотрудники.

James Freeman. “The soul of a hedge fund ‘machine,’” wsj.com, June 6, 2014, http://­www.wsj.com/­articles/­james-freeman-the-soul-of-a-hedge-fund-machine-1402094722.

Richard Feloni. “Ray Dalio explains why 25 % of Bridgewater employees don’t last more than 18 months at the hedge fund giant,” business­insider.com, March 23, 2016, http://­www.business­insider.com/­biggest-challenges-new-bridgewater-employees-face-2016-3.

Eliza Gray. “Questions to answer in the age of optimized hiring,” time.com, June 11, 2015, http://time.com/3917703/questions-to-answer-in-the-age-of-optimized-hiring/.

Eliza Gray. “Questions to answer in the age of optimized hiring,” time.com, June 11, 2015, http://time.com/3917703/questions-to-answer-in-the-age-of-optimized-hiring/.

Bess Levin. “Bridgewater associates truth probings are about to get turbo-charged,” dealbreaker.com, July 18, 2011, http://­dealbreaker.com/­2011/­07/­bridgwater-associates-truth-probingsare-about-to-get-turbo-charged/.

Nishant Kumar. “Bridgewater’s Dalio trumps Soros as most profitable hedge fund,” bloomberg.com, January 26, 2016, http://­www.bloomberg.com/­news/­articles/­2016-01-26/­bridgewater-s-dalio-trumps-soros-as-most-proftable-hedge-fund.

James Freeman. “The soul of a hedge fund ‘machine,’” wsj.com, June 6, 2014, http://­www.wsj.com/­articles/­james-freeman-the-soul-of-a-hedge-fund-machine-1402094722.

Michelle Celarier and Lawrence Delevingne. “Ray Dalio’s radical truth,” March 2, 2011, http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2775995&p=3.

Michelle Celarier and Lawrence Delevingne. “Ray Dalio’s radical truth,” March 2, 2011, http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2775995&p=3.

Michelle Celarier and Lawrence Delevingne.

“Ray Dalio’s radical truth,” March 2, 2011, http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/2775995/Channel/199225/Ray-Dalios-radicaltruth.html?ArticleId=2775995&p=4#/.V04K15MrK8U.

Процедура основана на идеях, почерпнутых из превосходной книги Патрика Ленсиони The Five Dysfunctions of a Team (Книга издана на русском языке: Ленсиони П.Пять пороков команды. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017.), которую, на мой взгляд, должны прочитать все действующие и будущие менеджеры.

Если команда еще не знакома с моделью получения обратной связи 3R, о которой шла речь в главе 8, я настоятельно рекомендую вам кратко описать этот процесс, прежде чем знакомить членов команды с этими правилами.

Меня часто спрашивают, почему я предлагаю именно такой порядок: все члены команды отвечают сначала на вопрос 1, а затем на вопросы 2 и 3, вместо того чтобы давать ответы на все вопросы сразу. Во-первых, получение ответов всех членов команды на один и тот же вопрос, в отличие от ответов на все вопросы, — это лучший способ обнаружить закономерности. Во-вторых, на мой взгляд, желание дать ответы на все вопросы сразу же часто обусловлено ошибочным стремлением смягчить негативный отзыв («Если я сначала скажу Дагу, что мне в нем нравится, мне будет легче сказать ему о том, что мне не нравится»). Однако такой подход не позволяет сформировать непреходящую культуру искренности. Члены команды с высоким уровнем самоосознания делают усилие над собой и, придерживаясь основных правил, вступают в открытый диалог!

Elizabeth Brayer. George Eastman: A Biography. University of Rochester Press, 2006.

Kiplinger Washington Editors, Inc. “The story behind Kodak Trademark.” Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, April 1962, p. 40. 250 85 percent of cameras: Henry C. Lucas. The Search for Survival: Lessons from Disruptive Technologies. Praeger, 2012, p. 16.

Ernest Scheyder and Liana B. Baker. “As Kodak struggles, Eastman Chemical thrives,” reuters.com, December 24, 2011, http://­www.reuters.com/­article/­us-eastman-kodak-idUSTRE­7BN06B20­111224.

Paul B. Carroll and Chunka Mui. Billion Dollar Lessons: What You Can Learn from the Most Inexcusable Business Failures of the Last Twenty-five Years. Portfolio, 2008, p. 93.

Reuters. “Kodak files for bankruptcy, plans biz overhaul.” business-standard.com, January 19, 2012, http://­www.business-standard.com/­article/­international/­kodak-fles-for-bankruptcyplans-biz-overhaul-112011900119_1.html.

B. G. Hoffman. American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company. Crown, 2012, p. 248.

Erich C. Dierdorff and Robert S. Rubin. Research: We’re not very self-aware, especially at work,” Harvard Business Review, March 12, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/03/research-were-not-veryself-aware-especially-at-work.

Dan F. Moshavi, William Brown, and Nancy G. Dodd. “Leader self-awareness and its relationship to subordinate attitudes and performance.” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 24.7 (2003): 407–418.

Sherri Dalphonse. “Washington’s real-life horrible bosses,” washingtonian.com, December 4, 2013, https://­www.washingtonian.com/­2013/­12/­04/­real-life-horrible-bosses/.

William B. Swann Jr., Peter J. Rentfrow, and Jennifer S. Guinn. “Self-verification: The search for coherence.” In M. R. Leary and J. J. P. Tangney, eds. Handbook of Self and Identity. Guilford Press, 2003, p. 376.

Erika N. Carlson, Simine Vazire, and Thomas F. Oltmanns. “You probably think this paper’s about you: Narcissists’ perceptions of their personality and reputation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101.1 (2011): 185–201.

Издана на русском языке: Саттон Р.Не работайте с м*даками. И что делать, если они вокруг вас. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2015.

John F. Rauthmann. “The Dark Triad and interpersonal perception: Similarities and differences in the social consequences of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3.4 (2012): 487–496.

Sander van der Linden and Seth A. Rosenthal. “Measuring narcissism with a single question? A replication and extension of the Single-Item Narcissism Scale (SINS).” Personality and Individual Differences 90 (2016): 238–241.

Sara Konrath, Brian P. Meier, and Brad J. Bush man. “Development and validation of the single item narcissism scale (SINS).” PLOS One 9.8 (2014): e103469.

Mary Elizabeth Dallas. “Need to spot a narcissist? Just ask them,” healthday.com, August 5, 2014, http://­consumer.healthday.com/­mental-health-information-25/­psychology-and-mentalhealth-news-566/­need-to-spot-a-narcissist-just-ask-them-690338.html.

Erika N. Carlson, Simine Vazire, and Thomas F. Oltmanns. “You probably think this paper’s about you: Narcissists’ perceptions of their personality and reputation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101.1 (2011): 185–201.

Timothy A. Judge, Jeffery A. LePine, and Bruce L. Rich. “Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self — and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 91.4 (2006): 762–776.

Delroy L. Paulhus, Peter Graf, and Mark Van Selst. “Attentional load increases the positivity of selfpresentation.” Social Cognition 7.4 (1989): 389–400.

Психологический дискомфорт, вызванный столкновением в сознании человека противоречивых знаний, убеждений, поведенческих установок относительно некоторого объекта или явления. Прим. ред..

Geoffrey L. Cohen, Joshua Aronson, and Claude M. Steele. “When beliefs yield to evidence: Reducing biased evaluation by affirming the self.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26.9 (2000): 1151–1164.

Leanne Atwater, Paul Roush, and Allison Fischthal. “The influence of upward feedback on self-and follower ratings of leadership.” Personnel Psychology 48.1 (1995): 35–59.

Zoe Chance, et al. “The slow decay and quick revival of self-deception.” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015).

Benjamin Franklin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Garden City Publishing Company, 1916. (Франклин Б. Путь к богатству. Автобиография. — М.: Эксмо, 2015.

Если вы читаете это примечание, значит, вы человек с научным складом ума. Да, строго говоря, сверхновые — это умирающие звезды, но, я надеюсь, вы запомните дух этой цитаты.

W. R. Miller et al. “Personal values card sort.” Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2001.

В русскоязычном сегменте интернета есть несколько модификаций этого теста, доступных бесплатно. Прим. ред.

Daniel R. Ames, Paul Rose, and Cameron P. Anderson. “The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism.” Journal of Research in Personality 40.4 (2006): 440–450.

Omer Faruk Simsek. “Self-absorption paradox is not a paradox: Illuminating the dark side of self-reflection.” International Journal of Psychology 48.6 (2013): 1109–1121.

Paul D. Trapnell and Jennifer D. Campbell. “Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76.2 (1999): 284.